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DECADES......
… INTERNATIONAL STYLE
(Walter Gropius ,
Mies Vender Rohe,
Le Corbusier)
- Represented elegance, glamour, functionality and
ART DECO STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE modernity.
- Its linear symmetry was a distinct departure from
the flowing asymmetrical organic curves of its
predecessor style art nouveau; it embraced
influences from many different styles of the early
twentieth century, including neoclassical,
constructivism, cubism, modernism and
futurism and drew inspiration from
ancient Egyptian and Aztec forms.
-Purely decorative.
- most significant of its
features was its dependence
upon ornaments and motifs.
-influenced partly by styles The art deco spire of
such as Cubism, Russian the Chrysler Building
in New York, built
Constructivism and Italian 1928–1930
Futurism. City Hall in Buffalo,
- uses symmetry and New York; John Wade
with George Dietel,
repetition. built 1929–1931
-materials : aluminium, stainless steel , lacquer,
Bakelite, Chrome and inlaid wood. Exotic
materials such as sharkskin (shagreen), and
zebra skin were also used
- The use of stepped forms and geometric
curves (natural curves of Art Nouveau),
chevron patterns, ziggurat-shapes, fountains,
and the sunburst motif are typical of Art
Deco.
Row housing
Lydecker
House in Los
Angeles, built
Normandie Hotel, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was by Howard
inspired by SS Normandie, the ship, and includes Lydecker,
the ship's original sign
Nazi’s rejected the modern architecture forcing an entire generation of
INTERNATIONAL STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE
architects out of Europe.
Mies fled to the USA in 1936 extending his influence and promoting
Bauhaus which later became the primary source of architectural
modernism.
The International Style became the dominant approach for decades.
• International quality
• Developed by European architects
1920-1945
- Simplification
- Honesty
- Clarification
“ornament is a crime”
“truth to materials”
“form follows function”
“machines for living”
(Le Corbusier)
CHARACTERISTICS :
• Simple ,undecorated , uniform
• Concrete , Glass , Steel
• Occasionally reveals skeleton frame construction
• Exposing its structure
• Ribbon windows , Corner windows , Bands of glass
• Balance and regularity
• Emphasis on horizontality
• Flat roof, without ledge
• Often with thin, metal mullions and smooth spandrel panels
separating large, single-pane windows
• Cantilevered balconies
The typical International Style high-rise usually consists of the
following:
• Square and rectangular foot prints
• Simple cubic “extruded rectangle” form
• Windows running in broken horizontal rows forming a grid
• All façade angles are 90 degree
Major architectural style in Europe & USA
Began in the 1920’s – 1930’2 (1980’s)
Term coined by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Phillip Johnson
PHILOSOPHIES :
According to Philip Johnson ‘crutches’ by which architects evade their real
responsibilities are-
•History – i.e. Justifying elements which are earlier used.
•Utility- i.e. If utility of a building overcomes artistic inventions ,then it is
merely an assemblage of useful parts.
HOUSE
PHILIP JOHNSON ..GLASS
Le Corbusier (France)
Walter Gropius
(Germany)
Ludwig Mies van Rohe
•Bauhaus school
(Germany)
The German-American architect, educator,
and designer Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
was director of Bauhaus in Germany from
1919 to 1928 and occupied the chair of
architecture at the Harvard University
Graduate School of Design from 1938 to
WALTER GRUPIUS …
1952.
PHILOSOPHIES …
SITE
PLAN
architecture
•Brick and cement
for external
treatment but for
internal treatment
•Gropius used all
new materials which
give it an
extraordinary
beauty inside as well
as outside.
•The plan of the Cologne
FAGUS FACTORY building was axially designed in the
Beaux-Arts tradition, but the
major influence was predominantly
that of Frank Lloyd Wright.
•Gropius and Meyer were
influenced by Wright's style
especially in the horizontality
and the wide
overhanging eaves, but also in
WALTER GROPIUS ..
Fransworth house
Crown hall
•Skin and bone concept Entrance of Seagram Building
•Less is more
•Universality
•The classical
serenity of building
Barcelona pavilion in its surroundings
FRANSWORTH HOUSE
MIES VAN DER ROHE ..
accommodation enabled
Construction System : steel frame with
Mies to treat the Pavilion glass and polished
as a continuous space; stone
blurring inside and outside
•Another unique feature of
this building is the exotic
materials Mies chooses to
use. Plates of high-grade
stone materials like veneers
of Tinos verde antico
marble and golden onyx as
well as tinted glass of grey,
green, white, as well as
translucent glass, perform
exclusively as spatial
dividers.
Seagram Building
New York, NY, 1956-58, L. Mies van
der Rohe & P. Johnson
PLAN
•built of a steel frame, from which
non-structural glass walls were hung.
•used non-structural bronze-toned I-
beams to suggest structure visible
from the outside of the building, and
run vertically, like mullions,
surrounding the large glass windows.
ambience of sophistication and
sport clean lines and smooth
finishes. A perfect mix of metal
and soft leather, Mies Van Der
Rohe furniture includes smart
pieces like Mies van der Rohe
Cantilever Chair with no arms,
Barcelona Ottoman, Mies van
der Rohe Barcelona Day Bed
and Barcelona Chair etc.
Le Corbusier …is one of the most
imaginative architect of the last
century to whom we owe the
revolutionary, structural change of
modern architecture.
•Le Corbusier is the most influential, most admired, and most maligned
architect of the twentieth century.
•Through his writing and his buildings, he is the main player in the
Modernist story, his visions of homes and cities as innovative as they are
influential.
•Many of his ideas on urban living became the blueprint for Post-war
reconstruction, and the many failures of his would-be imitators led to Le
Corbusier being blamed for the problems of western cities in the 1960s
and 1970s.
Le Corbusier was deeply involved in the
purist movement which focused on seeing
objects in the world and rendering them
AS A PURIST
5) Roof gardens
The flat roof can be utilization for a domestic purpose while also
providing essential protection the concrete roof.
•One of the most famous houses
..VILLA SAVOYE (1920-30) of
the modern movement in
architecture,
the Villa Savoye is a masterpiece
of Le Corbusier's purist design.
• It is perhaps the best example of
LeCorbusier's goal to create a
house which would be a "machine a
habitat," a machine for living (in). Glass facade
• Located in a suburb near Paris, Pilotis
the house is as beautiful and (supporti
functional as a machine.
LE CORBUSIER
ng
column)
Spiral staicase
3d view
•Modular design -- the result of
corbusier researches into mathematics,
architecture (the golden section), and
VILLA SAVOYE … DESIGN FEATURES
human proportion .
•"Pilotis" -- the house is raised on stilts .
•No historical ornament . Horizontal window
•A very open interior plan .
•Built-in furniture .
•Abstract sculptural design .
•Roof garden.
•Pure color -- white on the outside, a
color with associations of newness,
purity, simplicity, and health and planes
of subtle color in the interior living areas Roof garden
•Dynamic , non-traditional transitions
between floors -- spiral staircases and
ramps.
•Ribbon windows (echoing industrial
architecture, but also providing
openness and light) .
Free plan
•The church is simple—an oblong nave,
LE CORBUSIER .. NOTRE DAME DU HAUT two side entrances, an axial main altar,
and three chapels beneath towers—as is
its structure, with rough masonry walls
faced with whitewashed Gummite
(sprayed concrete) and a roof of
contrasting baton brut.
•Buttress-shaped south wall - and the
vast shell of the concrete roof give the
building a massive, sculptural form.
•Small, brightly painted and apparently
irregular windows punched in these
thick walls give a dim but exciting light
within the cool building, enhanced by
further indirect light coming down the
three light towers.
Vertical
triangular
frames
Plan Elevation
UNITED NATION HEADQUATER
•The complex has served as the official
headquarters of the United Nations since
its completion in 1952.
•The most notable of the architects were
Oscar Niemeyer, Le Corbusier and
Wallace K. Harrison, who headed the
board .
•Some renowned architects including Mies
Van Der Rohe and Walter Gropius were
excluded due to their historic links with
Germany, the enemy during the war.
•The International Style was chosen by the
board members as it symbolized a new start Titled: Let
LE CORBUSIER ..
Women in window
REFERENCES …
Internet
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Walter_Gropius.aspx
www.answers.com › ... › Britannica Concise
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/biographies/mainbiographies/
g/gropiuswalter/1.html
www.walter-gropius.com
www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Bauhaus.html
www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/gropius.html
Wikipedia.com
Greatbuildings.com
Designcenter.com
Architectbiography.com
Archinomy.com
Simplycharly.com
Designdictionary.com
THANK
YOU
Submitted by:
Abhilasha (0906002)
Ishani (0906013)