FILTRATION

 Settling does not remove

all flocs – further
treatment is required
 Filtration provides the
additional opportunity for
separation of small flocs
or particles
 This presentation is an
introduction to filtration
technology concepts

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Overview of solid-liquid separation alternatives in water
Direct
Filtration

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 (precoat filtration)
or expanded perlite

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 Particle size (micron)

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 Filtration Mechanisms
 Important to understand the
mechanisms
 Settling, adsorption and diffusion
 Not much screening

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 A B

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 Filter Classification by Filtration Rate

2-4 gpm/ft2 18-40 thou 1.6-3.3 ft

1-3 gpm/ft2 0.5-2 thou

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 Diagrammatic layout
of sand filters

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 Slow Sand Filter

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 Typical multimedia filter

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Construction details of Rapid sand filters

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 Construction details of sand filter

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 Filter operation

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Washing Process

Rate of Washing = 0.15 to 0.9 m/min (30 to 50% sand expansion)

Head Required = 10 m

Time Required = 5 min for (10 to 20 min)

Washing Frequency = When head loss reaches 2.5 m

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 Some examples
of layout and
construction
details

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Multimedia filters

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 Slow Sand Filtration

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 Slow Sand Filter Cleaning

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 Slow Sand Filter Underdrain

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 Numerical no. 1
 Calculate the size and number of Slow sand filters
to serve the population of 30,000 with average
water consumption of 240 lpcd. Adopt a filtration
rate of 0.15 m/hr. Filter Area of one of the unit
should not be more than 300 m2 due to control and
construction constraint. What will be the filtration
rate through each of the filter when one filter is
being cleaned and other is out of operation for
repairs. Is this filtration rate within acceptable
range?
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 Numerical no. 2
 A filter plant is to use a 48,000 m3/day of water
at a filtration rate of 120 m3/m2.day. Find the
size and number of filter units required, if
filtration rate is to exceed neither 150 m3/m2.day
with one filter being backwashed nor 180
m3/m2.day with one filter out of operation and
one filter being backwashed.

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 Numerical no. 3
 Rapid gravity sand filters are to be designed to
serve a population of 50,000. Average water
consumption is 275 lpcd. Filtration rate under
average daily flow condition is 120 m/day. How
much back washwater would be required to
backwash one filter at 1.2 m/min for 10 minutes, if
filtration rate under maximum daily flow condition
is not to exceed 150 m/day?

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