0 evaluări0% au considerat acest document util (0 voturi)
103 vizualizări25 pagini
The document discusses run-off, which is the portion of total precipitation that flows through a catchment area. It is calculated as total precipitation minus total evaporation. Factors that affect run-off include rainfall patterns, the nature of the catchment area, its shape and size, vegetation, and weather conditions. Hydrographs graphically represent variation in discharge or flow over time and provide information about run-off volumes and rates. Flow duration curves show the relationship between flows and the lengths of time they are available. There are two types of run-off river power plants: with and without pondage, depending on whether they have water storage capacity.
The document discusses run-off, which is the portion of total precipitation that flows through a catchment area. It is calculated as total precipitation minus total evaporation. Factors that affect run-off include rainfall patterns, the nature of the catchment area, its shape and size, vegetation, and weather conditions. Hydrographs graphically represent variation in discharge or flow over time and provide information about run-off volumes and rates. Flow duration curves show the relationship between flows and the lengths of time they are available. There are two types of run-off river power plants: with and without pondage, depending on whether they have water storage capacity.
The document discusses run-off, which is the portion of total precipitation that flows through a catchment area. It is calculated as total precipitation minus total evaporation. Factors that affect run-off include rainfall patterns, the nature of the catchment area, its shape and size, vegetation, and weather conditions. Hydrographs graphically represent variation in discharge or flow over time and provide information about run-off volumes and rates. Flow duration curves show the relationship between flows and the lengths of time they are available. There are two types of run-off river power plants: with and without pondage, depending on whether they have water storage capacity.
• Rain fall (used in a general sense) or “precipitation” may be
defined as the total condensation of moisture that reaches the earth in any form. • It includes all forms of rains, ice, snow, hail or sleet etc. • “Evaporation” represents practically all of that portion of the rainfall that does not reach the point of ultimate use as stream flow. • evaporation, includes all the rainfall that is returned to the atmosphere from land and water surfaces. • Thus total evaporation is: Run-off 1. Evaporation from land and water surfaces. 2. Evaporation by transpiration which is the vaporization of water from the breathing pores of vegetable matter. 3. Atmospheric evaporation (evaporation while precipitation is falling). • The portion of the total precipitation that flows through the catchment area is known as “Run-off”. • The catchment area of a hydro site is the total area behind the dam, draining water into the reservoir. Run-off = Total precipitation – Total evaporation The unit of run-off are m3/s or day-second meter. Factors Affecting Run-off 1. Rainfall Pattern. Short, hard showers may produce relatively little run-off. Rains lasting a longer time results in larger run-off. 2. Nature of Catchement Area. The Topography, shape and nature of surface and dub surface geology have greater influence. The Step and rocky surface give more run off 3. Shape & Size of Catchment Area. Large catchment area give more run off. The run off at point X in Figure a is more than that in Figure b. Factors Affecting Run-off 4 Vegetation. Evaporation and seepage are increased by cultivation. Cultivation opens and roughens the hard, smooth surface and promotes seepage. 5- Weather Condition: Low Temperature, high relative humidity and low winds result in high run off because evaporation losses increases with increase in temperature, decrease in relative humidity and increase in wind velocity Hydrographs • A hydrograph is graphical representation that represents variation of discharge or flow with time • The following information is available from hydrograph (i) Rate of flow during any instant during the duration period (ii) Volume of water during that duration (iii) Mean annual/monthly run off (iv) Maximum and Minimum run off (v) Maximum rate of run off during flood Hydrographs Flow Duration Curve • A flow duration curve shows the relation between flows and lengths of time during which they are available. • The flow duration curve is drawn with magnitudes of run off as ordinate against the corresponding percentage of time as abscissa • The flow duration curve is drawn from available run off data Conversion inch to feet
1 m3/s= 35.314 ft3/s
Reservoir Power Plant • a. Run off river power plants without pondage This type of hydroelectric power plant, water is not available all the time. This type of power station is not suitable for constant steady load. There is no pondage or storage facility available in such type of power plant. Plant is placed in such a area,where water is coming directly from the river or pond. This type of hydroelectric power plant is called run off power plant without pondage Reservoir Power Plant • b. Run off river power plants with pondage • This type of plant is used to increase the capacity of pond.The pond is used as a storage water of hydro electric power plant.Increased the pond size means more water is available in the plant,so such type of hydro electric power plant is used fluctuating load period depending on the size of pondage. Pondage Factor • It is ratio of total inflow hours in a given period to total number of hours the plant is running during the same period SPECIFIC SPEED OF TURBINE • the specific speed is number of revolutions per minute at which a given runner would revolve