CONCEPT OF HEAT TRANSFER

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 Heat transfer: Concept

“Energy in transit due to temperature difference.”

Thermodynamics tells us:
 How much heat is transferred (Q)
 How much work is done (W)
 Final state of the system
Heat transfer tells us:
 How (with what modes) Q is transferred
 At what rate Q is transferred
 Temperature distribution inside the body

Heat transfer complementary Thermodynamics

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 Heat transfer: Common terms
DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature and
Heat Transfer
Quantity Meaning Symbol Units
Thermal Energy+ Energy associated with microscopic U or u J or J/kg
behavior of matter

Temperature A means of indirectly assessing the

amount of thermal energy stored in T K or °C
matter
Heat Transfer Thermal energy transport due to
temperature gradients

Heat Amount of thermal energy transferred Q J

over a time interval  t  0

Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W

Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time q  W/m 2

and surface area
+
U  Thermal energy of system
u  Thermal energy per unit mass of system

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 Applications of Heat Transfer

 Energy production and conversion

- steam power plant, solar energy conversion etc.
 Refrigeration and air-conditioning
 Domestic applications
- ovens, stoves, toaster
 Cooling of electronic equipment
 Manufacturing / materials processing
- welding, casting, soldering, laser machining
 Automobiles / aircraft design
 Nature (weather, climate etc)

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 Heat transfer: Modes
1. Conduction
- needs matter
- molecular phenomenon (diffusion process)
- without bulk motion of matter
2. Convection
- heat carried away by bulk motion of fluid
- needs fluid matter
3. Radiation
- does not needs matter
- transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves

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 Conduction: Concept

Rate equations (1D conduction):

x
A  Differential Form
T1 q = - k A dT/dx, W
k = Thermal Conductivity, W/mK
q T2 A = Cross-sectional Area, m2
T = Temperature, K or oC
x = Heat flow path, m
 Difference Form
k
q = k A (T1 - T2) / (x1 - x2)

Heat flux: q” = q / A = - k.dT/dx (W/m2)

(negative sign denotes heat transfer in the direction of
decreasing temperature)

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 Conduction: Thermal Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity
• Solid > liquid > gas
• Pure metals > alloys > nonmetallic solids > insulation
systems
• Thermal conductivity of liquid increases with
decreasing liquid molecular weight
• Liquid metal > nonmetallic liquid
• Thermal conductivity of gas increases with
decreasing gas molecular weight

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 Conduction: Thermal Conductivity

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 Conduction: Thermal Conductivity

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 Conduction: Thermal Conductivity

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 Convection: Concept

Convection is comprised of two fundamental phenomena

1. Diffusion
2. Macroscopic motion of molecules Boiling, condensation
q”

Free or natural convection

Water
Forced convection (induced
Convection by external means)
Hot Plate
Phase change (boiling,
condensation)

Convection occurs between a moving fluid and a solid.

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 Convection: Concept

Ts>T∞
moving fluid
T∞
q” Ts

 Energy transferred by diffusion + bulk motion of fluid

 Heat transfer due to convection involves the energy

exchange between a surface and an adjacent fluid

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 Convection: Concept

Heat transfer rate q = h.A.(Ts – T) W

Heat flux q” = h.( Ts-T  ) W/m2

h=heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

h depends on geometry, nature of flow, thermodynamics
properties etc., not property of the fluids

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 Convection: Modes

Convection heat transfer coefficient h: the rate of heat transfer

between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface area per unit
temperature difference.

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 Convection: Modes

(a) Forced Convection (b) Free/Natural Convection

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 Convection: Modes

(c) Boiling (d) Condensation.

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 Convection: Heat Transfer Coefficient (h)
Typical values of h (W/m2K)
Free convection gases: 2 - 25
liquid: 50 - 100
Forced convection gases: 25 - 250
liquid: 50 - 20,000
Boiling/Condensation 2500 -100,000

Main purpose of convective heat transfer analysis is to determine:

• flow field
• temperature field in fluid
• heat transfer coefficient, h
 Convection: Nusselt Number, Nu

T
Heat of conduction = q x" (W 2
/ m )  k
x
Heat of Convection = q " (W / m2 )  h.T
Ratio Heat of Convection/Heat of Conduction:

h.T h.L
 Nusselt Number, Nu
T k
k
L
 Nusselt Number represents the enhancement of heat transfer
through a fluid layer as a result of convection relative to
conduction across the same fluid layer.
 The larger Nu, the more effective the convection
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 Convection: Classifications of Fluid

 Viscous & Inviscid Flow

Viscous fluid  significantly impact by fluid viscosity
 Internal vs External Flow
In a pipe  internal flow
 Compressible vs Incompressible Flow
Liquid  incompressible, Gas  Compressible
 Laminar vs Turbulent
smooth streamlines  laminar
 Natural vs Forced
 Steady vs Unsteady
Steady  no change with time; Unsteady  Transient
 One, Two, Three-Dimensional

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 Radiation: Concept
the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or
particles through space or through a material medium

T1
q1”
q2”
T2

RATE:
q(W) or (J/s) Heat flow per unit time.
Flux : q” (W/m2)

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 Radiation: Rate Equations

• Heat Transfer by electro-magnetic waves or photons (no

medium required).
• Emissive power of a surface (energy released per unit area):

E=Ts4 (W/ m2)

: emissivity (property)  0 <  < 1

 : Stefan-Boltzmann constant  5.67×10-8 W/m2  K 4 
T: absolute temperature, K

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 Radiation: Rate Equations

Ts u r
q”r a d. q”co n v.

Ts Area = A

Radiation exchange between a large surface and

surrounding
Q”r a d = (Ts4-Tsur4) W/ m2

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 Radiation: Emissivity of Some Materials

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 Summary of Heat Transfer Processes

Mode Mechanisms Rate Equation Transport

Property or
Coefficient

Conduction Energy Diffusion due to dT k (W/m.K)

random molecular q (W / m )  k
"
x
2

motion dx

Convection Diffusion + Bulk motion h (W/m2.K)

(advection) q" (W / m2 )  h(Ts  T )

Radiation Electromagnetic waves q" (W / m 2 )   (Ts4  Tsur

4
)
hr (W/m2.K)

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 Discussion

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 Thank you

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