BSNL

International Mobile
Telecommunication-2000 (IMT-2000)

An Introduction

Rajiv Kumar
Dy GM (TX-II)
ALTTC Ghaziabad
BSNL In this presentation…
• Wireless Generations
• What is IMT-2000
• What IMT-2000 offers
• Key features and objectives
• Spectrum for IMT-2000
• Technologies for IMT-2000
• Migration paths
• Future Trends
BSNL MOBILE COMMUNICATION

• 1946- 1960s 1980s 1990s 2000s

• Appeared 1G 2G 3G

• Analog Digital Digital

• Multi Multi Unified

Standard Standard Standard

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terr. & Sat

BSNL MOBILE COMMUNICATION
WIRELESS GENERATIONS
• 1 G -analog (cellular revolution)
- only mobile voice services
• 2 G - digital (breaking digital barrier)
- mostly for voice services & data delivery
possible

• 3 G - Voice & data ( breaking data barrier)

- Mainly for data services where voice services
will also be possible
• Beyond 3G -Wide band OFDM ?
- But surely higher data rates
BSNL MOBILE COMMUNICATION
LIMITATIONS OF 2nd GENERATION SYSTEMS

• No Global standards
• No common frequency band
• Low information bit rates

• Low voice quality

• No support of Video
• Various categories of systems to meet specific
requirements
BSNL MOBILE COMMUNICATION
THIRD GENERATION (3 G ) STANDARD

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)

IMT

 A FUTURE STANDARD IN WHICH A SINGLE

INEXPENSIVE MOBILE TERMINAL CAN TRUELY
PROVIDE COMMUNICATIONS ANY TIME AND ANY
WHERE
BSNL MOBILE COMMUNICATION
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)
• PROVISIONING OF THESE SERVICES OVER WIDE RANGE OF USER
DENSITIES AND COVERAGE AREAS.
(In-building , Urban , Sub-urban, Global)
• EFFICIENT USE OF RADIO SPECTRUM CONSISTENT WITH
PROVIDING SERVICE AT ACCEPTABLE COSY.
• IMT-2000 SHALL COVER APPLICATION AREAS PRESENTLY
PROVIDED BY SEPERATELY SYSTEMS I.E CELLULAR, CORDLESS
AND PAGING etc
• A HIGH DEGREE OF COMMONALITY OF DESIGN WORLDWIDE
• A MODULAR STRUCTURE WHICH WILL ALLOW THE SYSTEM TO
GROW IN SIZE AND COMPLEXITY

• .
 IM T -2 0 0 0
BSNL
T h e IT U v is io n o f g lo b a l w ir e le s s a c c e s s
IMT-2000 Vision
i n t h e 2 1 st c e n tu r y

G lo b a l
S a te llite

S u b u rb a n U rb a n
In -B u ild in g

P ic o c e ll
M ic r o c e ll
M a c r o c e ll

B a s ic T e r m in a l
P D A T e r m in a l
A u d io /V is u a l T e r m in a l
BSNL IMT-2000 KEY FEATURES
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)
• ITU’s VISION FOR THIRD GENERATION MOBILE SYSTEM
• SINGLE UNIFIED STANDARD (Data & Multimedia Services)
• ANYWHERE, ANYTIME COMMUNICATION
ACROSS NETWORKS, ACROSS TECHNOLOGIES,
SEAMLESS OPERATION USING A SMALL POCKET
TERMINAL WORLDWIDE.
• HIGH SPEED ACCESS 144KB/S, 384 KB/S & 2MB/S FAST
WIRELESS ACCESS TO INTERNET
• FULL MOTION VIDEOPHONE
• TERRESTRIAL & SATELLITE COMPONETS
BSNL

IMT-2000 will provide..

• Enhanced voice quality, ubiquitous
coverage and enable operators to provide
service at reasonable cost
• Increased network efficiency and capacity
• New voice and data services and
capabilities
• An orderly evolution path from 2G to 3G
systems to protect investments.
BSNL IMT-2000 SPECTRUM

• WARC -92 IDENTIFIED 230 MHz GLOBAL SPECTRUM

• 1885 - 2025 MHz & 2110 - 2200 MHz for FPLMTS
• SATELLITE COMPONENTS OF IMT -2000 IDENTIFIED AS:
1980-2010 MHz & 2170- 2200 MHz

• WARC -92 RESOLVED THAT ADMINISTRATIONS

IMPLEMENTING IMT-2000 SHOULD MAKE SPECTRUM
AVAILABLE IN THIS IDENTIFIED BAND.
• WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF MULTIMEDIA SERVICES
INCREASED SPECTRUM REQUIREMENT IS TO BE TAKEN
UP WITH WRC-2000
 IMT TECHNOLOGIES
BSNL ITU has finally narrowed down technology options
to the following five:
• IMT -DS (Direct Spread) : W-CDMA UTRA FDD
• IMT -MC (Multi Carrier) : CDMA 2000
• IMT-TC ( Time Code) : TD -SCDMA UTRA TDD
• IMT -SC ( Single Carrier ) : UWC - 136
• IMT-FT (Frequency Time) : DECT

• PAIRED DS/ MC/SC ; UNPAIRED TDD

FURTHER HARMONIZATION In Process
UTRA : UTMS Terrestrial Radio Access
UMTS :Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
BSNL
Technologies for IMT-2000
IMT-2000 TERRESTRIAL
RADIO INTERFACES

IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT

WCDMA CDMA2000 CDMA-TDD UWC-136 FDMA/TDMA

1X/3X DECT

CDMA TDMA FDMA

 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
BSNL IMT-2000 HARMONIZATION IS ON-GOING
• IMT standards development involves extensive
collaboration between many different organizations
• Today’s operators need seamless 2G 3G
• Many Focus groups have been established by industry

 2 G operators GSM ; CDG ,UWCC, DECT forum

 3 G Groups UMTS Forum , OHG
 Focus group for IP-based 3G architecture (3G. IP)
 SDOs created 3G PP (Partnership Projects)
SDO Standards Development Organizations
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
BSNL IMT-2000 HARMONIZATION IS ON-GOING

MILESTONES
IMT -2000 Spectrum WRC 1992
Radio Technology(RT) Proposals June 1998
RT Progressive Consolidation March 1999
Radio Interface Specifications (RSPC) Nov 1999
Additional IMT-2000 Spectrum WRC 2000

Further RSPC Releases 2000+

Ongoing ITU Studies (IMT-2000 Enhancements) 2000+
Ongoing ITU Studies ( Systems Beyond IMT-2000) 2000+
BSNL Migration Path
• While a multiplicity of 2G standards have been
developed and deployed, the ITU wanted to avoid a
similar situation to develop for 3G.
• Hence, the ITU Radio communication Sector (ITU-R)
has elaborated on a framework for a global set of 3G
standards, which will facilitate global roaming by
operating in a common core spectrum and providing
migration path from all the major existing 2G
technologies.
• The major 2G Radio access networks are based on either
CDMA One or GSM technologies and different
migration path is proposed for each of these
technologies.
 IMT-2000
CPABLE SYSTEMS

GSM GPRS EDGE

PDC

WCDMA
CdmaOne Cdma 2000

TDMA TDMA/ TDMA/

IS-136 GPRS EDGE

TODAY 2G 2000 EVOLVED 2G 3G

19.2 Kbps 64-115 Kbps 115-384 Kbps 0.384-2 Mbps
BSNL
GPRS
General Radio Packet Service
BSNL
How GPRS works (1/2)
• To lessen the impact of the delay in implementing 3 rd
generation wireless systems, General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS) is being introduced as an intermediate step to
efficiently transport high-speed data over the current
Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM).

• GPRS signaling and data traffic do not travel through the

GSM network. The GSM network is only used to obtain
GPRS user profile data from the Location Register data
bases,
• GPRS uses 1 to 8 radio channel time slots which can be
shared by multiple users.
BSNL
How GPRS works (2/2)
• It packetizes the user data and transports it over Public Land
Mobile Networks (PLMN) using an IP backbone. From there, it
interfaces to other Public Data Networks (PDNs), including the
Internet.
• GPRS has the ability to offer speeds of 14,400 bps to 115,000 bps,
which allow for comfortable Internet access using wireless devices.
• Because GPRS can support upto 115kb/s, it allows for short
"bursty" traffic, such as e-mail and web browsing, as well as large
volumes of data.
• In addition, as GPRS supports Quality of Service, service providers
can offer selective services to users.
• GPRS has fast connection setup, the user has the perception of
being "always on" for continuous operation.
BSNL

GPRS Network

Internet

GSM Network
With GPRS
Capability
MS X.25 Network
BSNL GPRS Architecture
GGSN
Intranet
PSTN MSC
GPRS
BSC PCU SGSN Back bone

MS
GGSN
Internet
BSNL
GPRS OVERLAY NETWORK
1. Two new nodes namely :

SGSN - Serving GPRS support node ( GPRS equivalent of MSC)

GGSN - Gateway GPRS support node

( provides interworking with external packet-switched
networks)
SGSN and GGSN are interconnected via an IP-based GPRS
backbone network.

2. NEW GPRS TERMINAL

(EXISTING GSM terminal will not SUPPORT GPRS)
 GPRS UPGRADE
BSNL

3. Existing GSM based BTS, BSC and databases such as VLR,

HLR to be software upgraded.

4. Existing BSC will require a new external hardware

unit called packet control unit (PDU)
It directs data traffic to the GPRS network.

5. GPRS TUNNELING PROTOCOL (GTP) is used in the GPRS

backbone (connecting SGSNs to GGSNs) to ensure
security, simplify routing mechanism and delivery of data over the
GPRS n/w.

6. Four coding schemes for modulation - CS1 (9.05 KBPS),CS2 (13.4

KBPS) CS3 (15.6 KBPS) and CS4 (21.4 kbps) are defined.
BSNL GPRS Network Enhancements
• In addition to the new GPRS components,
existing GSM network elements must also be
enhanced in order to support GPRS.
• The following two pieces of equipment must be
enhanced:
– Base Station System (BSS): must be enhanced to
recognize and send user data to the SGSN that is
serving the area.
– Home Location Register (HLR): must be enhanced to
register GPRS user profiles and respond to queries
originating from SGSNs regarding these profiles.
BSNL
GPRS Terminals

Class A - Simultaneous circuit switched and packet switched

services.

Class B - Support - packet switched and circuit switched

services,
but not simultaneously i.e. only one at a time.

Class C - Acts as either packet-switched or circuit switched

terminal.
BSNL

Key drivers for operators

• Increased revenues by moving in to the mobile
data market
• Gain new subscribers requiring the data services
without investing in to PCs to gain internet access
• Retain current subscribers by offering new
services
• Reduce costs due to efficient use of network
resources
• Easier migration to 3G
BSNL TYPICAL GPRS SERVICES
* Communications- E-mail, fax,
intranet/ internet access.
* Value added services - Information services, games,
e-commerce.
* Location-based applications - Navigation, traffic conditions,
airline/rail schedule, location finder.
* Vertical applications - Freight delivery, fleet management,
sales-force automation
* Location sensitive A user nearing a cinema hall or
Advertising - a restaurant receives flashes of
advertisement
BSNL

Evolution from GSM to 3G

3G

EDGE
GPRS
2.5G

HSCSD

GSM
2G
BSNL GSM
Evolution
2G 2.5G 3G

GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS

GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS

200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 5 MHz carrier
8 full-rate time slots 115 Kbps peak data rates Data rates up to 384 Kbps 2 Mbps peak data rates
16 half-rate time slots 8-PSK modulation New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum
Higher symbol rate

HSCSD

HSCSD
Circuit-switched data
64 Kbps peak data rates
BSNL
GPRS Vs GSM
1. SUPPORTS BOTH CKT. Only circuit switched.
SWITCHED as well as
packet switched service.
2. MS Utilizes Automatic No re-transmission is
retransmission (ARQ) at provided.
data link layer to re-transmit
error frames.
3. Multiple time slots can be Single time slot per user.
allotted to a single user
4. One time slot can be allotted Single time slot per user.
to several users.
5. Charging/ billing more complex Simple time-based billing.
(Volume based, Q.O.S. based)
BSNL

CURRENT STATUS OF GPRS DEPLOYMENT

* 130 GPRS INFRASTRUCTURE CONTRACTS SIGNED

WORLDWIDE.

* 40 OPERATORS HAVE LAUNCHED COMMERCIAL/ QUASI

COMMERCIAL GPRS SERVICES.

* HANDSET VENDORS NEARLY APPROACHING POINT OF

VOLUME PRODUCTION.
BSNL

REASONS FOR LATE GPRS PICK UP

* DELAY IN HANDSET AVAILABILITY.

* FUNCTIONAL ISSUES RELATED TO TECHNOLOTGY

ITSELF.

* BILLING ISSUES.

* LACK OF MASS CONSUMER MARKET.

BSNL
REASONS FOR DELAY
1. HAND SET AVAILABILITY

* MOTOROLA TIMEPORT VIRTUALLY ONLY PHONE

AVAILABLE IN LARGE QUANTITIES.

* MITSUBISHI, PHILIPS, SAMSUNG, SAGEM, SIEMENS,

ALCATEL, ERICSSON HANDSETS EXPECTED ONLY
IN Q3 - Q4 of 2001.

2. TECHNOLOGY ISSUES

* AT CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, EQPT

OFFERED IS ONLY ONE TIMESLOT upstream and
2 to 3 timeslots downstreams.
BSNL

REASONS FOR DELAY

* At 14.4 Kbps per time-slot, total data speeds achieved are only
28.8 Kbps or 43.2 Kbps downstream.
* WITH GPRS, what is needed is to grab a number of timeslots
and to use the higher coding schemes to achieve the higher bit
rates that GPRS CLAIMS to support.
3. APPLICATIONS
* GPRS IS ONLY A BEARER TECHNOLOGY.
* AVAILABILITY OF COMPELLING APPLICATIONS and
turning these applications from booth demonstration into real
services on live networks is necessary.
BSNL
REASONS FOR DELAY

4. MARKET ISSUES

* THERE IS A PARA DIGM SHIFT.

N/w operators have to tie up with more and more content and
application providers.

5. BILLING

Billing is complex (volume based; transaction based;

Q.O.S. based)
 EDGE
BSNL
Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
• Next step towards 3G for GSM/GPRS Networks
• Increased data rated up to 384 Kbps by bundling up to 8
channels of 48 Kbps/channel
• GPRS is based on modulation technique known as GMSK
• EDGE is based on a new modulation scheme that allows a
much higher bit rate across the air-interface called 8PSK
modulation.
• Since 8PSK will be used for UMTS, network operators will
be required to introduce this at some stage before
migration to 3G.
 IMT-2000
CPABLE SYSTEMS

GSM GPRS EDGE

PDC

WCDMA
CdmaOne Cdma 2000

TDMA TDMA/ TDMA/

IS-136 GPRS EDGE

TODAY 2G 2000 EVOLVED 2G 3G

19.2 Kbps 64-115 Kbps 115-384 Kbps 0.384-2 Mbps
 GSM Network
BSNL

BTS
BTS
Terminal

BSC

MSC

Modem
Pool

IP
PSTN Backbone

WWW VPN
Enterprise Network
BSNL
ADDING GPRS DATA
New cell sites
(in some cases)
BTS
BTS
01010
New Software
New
Terminal New Software
BSC Upgrade 0101 New
SGSN
0
Equipment
Software BSC
BSC
BSC Upgrade
01010
Upgrade
Software 01010
Upgrade
GPRS
Backbone

MSC New 0101 New

0
Software GGSN modified
router
Modem01010
Pool
Software
Upgrade
IP
PSTN Backbone

WWW VPN
Enterprise Network
BSNL
Adding W-CDMA
Adding GPRS Data
GSM Network New
Terminal
New cell sites
New cell sites New
BTS (in some (in some cases)W-CDMA
BTS BTS
BTS cases) Equipment
01010New Software BTS & Software
01010
New Software
New
New New Software
Terminal New Software
Terminal
BSC Upgrade 0101
01010
New New
SGSN SGSN
0
EquipmentEquipment
3G
BSC Upgrade SGSN
BSCBSC
Software 01010BSC
W-CDMA
Software 01010
Upgrade
Upgrade BSC
GPRS GPRS 3G Data
Backbone
Backbone Backbone

New
MSC New New
MSC Software New
0101
001010
GGSN modified
Equipment
New 3G
& Software
01010 Software GGSN router modified GGSN
Modem
Software router
Pool Modem
Upgrade Pool
IP
PSTN BackboneIP
PSTN Backbone
WWW VPN
Enterprise
WWW Network VPN
Enterprise Network
BSNL

GSM to UMTS
Abis A
GSM GSM GSM PSTN,
BTS BSC MSC ISDN

Gb Service
Creation/
Gs Mgmt.

Iubis Iu-r
GPRS
Integrated
GPRS
Integrated
UMTS UMTS PDN,
UMTS
UMTSCore
Core
Core
Core
BTS BSC (e.g. Internet)
Iu Other
UMTS Access Network
PLMN
GSM Elements
UMTS Elements
 Cdma One Network
BSNL

Terminal
BTS

BSC

IWF

MSC

IP
Backbone
PSTN

WWW VPN
Enterprise Network
 Cdma2000 1x Evolution
BSNL

01010 New Software

BTS Channel card
New
Terminal
upgrade

New packet data router

Software
Upgrade
01010 BSC PDSN
01010

New
IWF Software

Software MSC
Upgrade

IP
Backbone
PSTN
WWW VPN
Enterprise Network
BSNL CDMA One to 3G
• CDMA One progression towards higher speed data
is in manageable steps. The present data rate of
14.4 is upgradable to 64 Kbps (IS-95B).
• Still higher data rates are supported through third
generation (3G) networks. CDMA One supports a
low risk and flexible phased evolution to 3G, called
CDMA 2000.
• The first step in this transition to CDMA 2000,
also referred as 1xRTT (MC-CDMA) enables
delivering peak data rates of 144 Kbps for
stationary and mobile applications.
BSNL

CDMA One to 3G
• Future evolutionary step will produce a
harmonized 3xRTT (MC-CDMA) solution
expected to deliver peak data rates of up to 2
Mbps.
• In addition, both 1xRTT and 3xRTT are backward
compatible to CDMA One. Therefore the
migration path can be represented as :
CDMA One CDMA2000 (MC-CDMA)
 MIGRATION PATH
BSNL
cdma2000
IS-95-A 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
1X MC
• Voice • High Capacity Voice • 2.4 Mbps Packet • Higher Cap Voice/ Data
• 14.4 kbps IS-95-B • 153 kbps Packet • RF Backward Comp. • RF Backward Comp.
• RF Backward Comp.
• Voice cdma2000
• 64 kbps Packet 3X MC
• RF Backward Comp.
• High Capacity Voice
• 384+ kbps Packet
Edge (Europe) • RF Backward Comp.
IS-136
Edge (US)
• Voice
• 9.6 kbps GSM GPRS • 384 kbps Packet

GSM • 30-40 kbps Packet

• RF Backward Comp. W-CDMA
• Voice
• 9.6 kbps
• High Capacity Voice
• 384+ kbps Packet
W-CDMA • New RF
PDC PDC
(Japan)
• Voice • Voice
• 9.6 kbps • 28.8 kbps
• RF Backward Comp.
1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
BSNL Migration Summarized
• In terms of migration of major 2G system to 3G
capabilities, there would finally be 3 modes of
CDMA-based radio interfaces (MC-CDMA, W-
CDMA and CDMA-TDD) and two `TDMA based
radio interfaces (UWC-136 and DECT).
• Considerable work is being carried out in respect
of W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 worldwide. All
European countries are expected to deploy
W-CDMA as they have GSM based networks.
While other countries such as Japan, Korea, USA
etc. are likely to use CDMA-2000 or W-CDMA.
BSNL

WIRELESS APPLICATION
PROTOCOL (WAP)
BSNL

WAP
• Introduction
• Why WAP ?
• WAP Internet Model
• WAP Protocol Stack
• WAP Bearers
• WAP Services
BSNL

WAP Introduction
It provides a standardized way of linking the Internet
to mobile phones , thereby linking two of the hottest
industries together

It enables easy, fast delivery of relevant information

and services to mobile users.
 What is WAP ALT
C T
BSNL
ALT CENTRE

WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL (WAP)

• WAP is an open, global set of communication protocols
to standardize the way that wireless devices can be
used for Internet Access(Cellular Phone)
• Mobile Computing Architecture supporting virtually
all wireless network technologies.
• Provides an inter-working function between a wireless
client and a fixed server to mitigate limited bandwidth.
• Uses Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML) &
Wireless Markup Language (WML)
BSNL

WAP BENEFITS to Operators

Why are network operators behind WAP?
With minimal risk and investment, WAP enables
operators to decrease churn, cut costs, and increase
revenues by improving existing, value-added services
and offering exciting new informational services.
BSNL WAP BENEFITS

WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL (WAP)

•Advantages of WAP
--- Significant value addition to the existing voice
usage of handheld (WAP enables Web in the
handheld)

•WAP is expected to be a part of every future handheld

BSNL

Why WAP ?
• Demand for Multi-media Services
• Limitations of Mobile Network
• Limitations of Handheld devices
• Limitations of Internet Standards
• Limitations of Security Standards
BSNL
MOBILE COMMUNICATION

•NEED FOR WAP

Demand for multimedia : 70% are expected to use it.
•LIMITATIONS OF HANDHELD DEVICES
--- Size of Device , Less Powerful CPU ,
limited battery power , Different user interface
•LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING STANDARDS
--- Internet standards such as HTML are not
efficient over mobile networks as they require large
amount of text based DATA to be sent
BSNL

HOW WAP WORKS ?

Mobile N/W WAP INTERNET

GATEWAY
BSNL
WAP- How it works ?
1 The Mobile user enters the URL of the requested WAP site
2 The phone coverts this text URL to a binary WSP request
3 The phone sends this binary request to the WAP gateway
4 The gateway converts the WSP request to an HTTP request
5 The gateway sends the HTTP request to the Internet
6 The Internet server creates the WML page
7 The server sends the response back to the WAP gateway
8 The gateway converts the WML to binary format
9 The gateway sends the binary WML using WSP protocol
10 The phone converts the binary WML to text WML
11 The phone’s browser reads the WML and displays it.
BSNL
Bearers
• A mobile client can communicate with the wireless
network over SMS, CSD or GPRS as bearer.
• Since the bearer offers differing levels of quality of
service with respect to throughput, error rate and delays,
the WAP protocols are designed to compensate for or to
tolerate such environment.
• WAP allows to operate over a variety of different bearers
and to introduce new bearers without major changes in
the other layers.
• WAP is technology transparent.
• GSM 900, 1,800, and 1,900 MHz; (IS)–136; (DECT);
and code division multiple access (CDMA).
 WAP & 3 G
BSNL Will WAP comply with Third wireless standards Generation?
Yes, WAP has been designed to be as independent as possible from
the underlying network technology.
Is WAP necessary with higher bandwidth 3G networks?
The original constraints WAP was designed for -- intermittent
coverage, small screens, low power consumption, wide scalability
over bearers and devices, and one-handed operation -- are still
valid in 3G networks.
We can expect the bandwidth required by application users to
steadily increase. Therefore, there is still a need to optimize the
device and network resources for wireless environments. We can
expect WAP to optimize support for multimedia applications that
continue to be relevant.
If WAP is very successful in mass-markets on 2.5G networks, 3G
networks may be needed purely for capacity relief.