Formulation of Two-Dimensional

Elasticity Problems

Professor M. H. Sadd
 Simplified Elasticity Formulations
The General System of Elasticity Field Equations
of 15 Equations for 15 Unknowns Is Very Difficult
to Solve for Most Meaningful Problems, and So
Modified Formulations Have Been Developed.

Displacement Formulation Stress Formulation

Eliminate the stresses and strains
from the general system of equations.
This generates a system of three
equations for the three unknown
displacement components.
Eliminate the displacements and
strains from the general system of
equations. This generates a system of
six equations and for the six unknown
stress components.
 Solution to Elasticity Problems
x
F(z)

G(x,y)

Even Using Displacement and Stress Formulations

Three-Dimensional Problems Are Difficult to Solve!
So Most Solutions Are Developed for Two-Dimensional Problems
Two and Three Dimensional Problems
Three-Dimensional Two-Dimensional

x x

y y

z z

z
Spherical Cavity
y
x
 Two-Dimensional Formulation
Plane Strain Plane Stress
y

2h << other dimensions

R
z
x

 x   x ( x, y )
R
 y   y ( x, y )
z
 xy   xy ( x, y )
 z   xz   yz  0
u  u ( x, y ) , v  v ( x, y ) , w  0
 Examples of Plane Strain Problems
y

x
x

Long Cylinders Semi-Infinite Regions

Under Uniform Loading Under Uniform Loadings
Examples of Plane Stress Problems

Thin Plate With

Central Hole

Circular Plate Under

Edge Loadings
Plane Strain Formulation
u  u ( x, y ) , v  v ( x, y ) , w  0

Strain-Displacement
u v 1  u v 
ex  , ey  , exy    
x y 2  y x 
ez  exz  e yz  0

Hooke’s Law
 x  (ex  e y )  2ex
 y  (ex  e y )  2e y
 z   (e x  e y )   ( x   y )
 xy  2exy ,  xz   yz  0
 Plane Strain Formulation
Displacement Formulation Stress Formulation

  u v   x  xy
 u  (  )     Fx  0
2   Fx  0
x  x y  x y
 xy  y
  u v    Fy  0
 2 v  (  )     Fy  0 x y
y  x y 
1  Fx Fy 
 2 ( x   y )     
1    x y 

Si

y R
S = Si + So
So

x
 Plane Strain Example
Given the Following Displaceme nts , Determine the Strains and Stresses
1 2 (1  )
u o x , v  o y , w  0
E E
Strains :
u 1 2 v (1  )
ex   o , ey    o , exy  e yz  ezx  ez  0
x E y E
Stresses:
 x  (ex  e y )  2ex
E  (1  )(1  2)  E  1 2 
  o   2    o 
(1  )(1  2)  E  2(1   )  E 
  o
 y  (ex  e y )  2e y  0
 z  (ex  e y )  ( x   y )  o
 xy   xz   yz  0
 Plane Stress Formulation
 x   x ( x, y ) ,  y   y ( x, y ) ,  xy   xy ( x, y ) ,  z   xz   yz  0

Hooke’s Law Strain-Displacement

1 u v w
ex  (  x   y ) ex  , ey  , ez 
E x y z
1
e y  (  y   x ) 1  u v 
E e xy    
  2  y x 
ez   ( x   y )   (ex  e y )
E 1  1  v w 
e yz    0
1  2  z y 
e xy   xy , e xz  e yz  0
E 1  u w 
e xz    0
2  z x 

Note plane stress theory normally neglects some of the

strain-displacement and compatibility equations.
 Plane Stress Formulation
Displacement Formulation Stress Formulation
E   u v   x  xy
 2 u      Fx  0   Fx  0
2(1  ) x  x y  x y
E   u v   xy  y
 2 v      Fy  0   Fy  0
2(1  ) y  x y  x y
 Fx Fy 
 ( x   y )  (1  )
2
 
 x y 

Si

y R
S = Si + So
So

x
Correspondence Between Plane Problems
Plane Strain Plane Stress
  u v  E   u v 
 2 u  (  )     Fx  0  2 u      Fx  0
x  x y  2(1  ) x  x y 
  u v  E   u v 
 2 v  (  )     Fy  0  2 v      Fy  0
y  x y  2(1  ) y  x y 

 x  xy  x  xy
  Fx  0   Fx  0
x y x y
 xy  y  xy  y
  Fy  0   Fy  0
x y x y
1  Fx Fy   Fx Fy 
 2 ( x   y )       ( x   y )  (1  )
2
 
1    x y   x y 
Elastic Moduli Transformation Relations for Conversion
Between Plane Stress and Plane Strain Problems

Plane Strain Plane Stress

E v

E 
Plane Stress to Plane Strain 1  2 1 

E (1  2) 
Plane Strain to Plane Stress
(1  ) 2 1 

Therefore the solution to one plane problem also yields the solution
to the other plane problem through this simple transformation
 Airy Stress Function Method
Plane Problems with No Body Forces
Stress Formulation
 x  xy Airy Representation
 0
x y  2  2  2
 xy  y  x  2 ,  y  2 ,  xy  
 0 y x xy
x y
2 ( x   y )  0

Biharmonic Governing Equation

 4  4  4
 2    4
0
x 4 x 2 y 2 y 4
(Single Equation with Single Unknown)
 Polar Coordinate Formulation
 r Strain-Displacement
 r  d  r
 r  dr
r u r 1 u 
  er  , e   u r   
x2   d r r  
 F
 r 1  1 ur u u 
Fr  r  dr er     
r 2  r  r r 
rd
dr
 r Hooke’s Law
r
 r
d 
Plane Strain Plane Stress
  r  ( er  e )  2er 1
x1 er  (  r   )
   ( er  e )  2e E
 z  ( er  e )  (  r    ) e  1 (    r )
Equilibrium Equations E
 r  2er ,  z   rz  0
 r 1  r (  r    )  
   Fr  0 ez   ( r    )   ( e r  e )
r r  r E 1 
 r 1   2 r 1 
   F  0 er   r , ez  erz  0
r r  r E

Airy Representation
1  1  2 
r  
r r r 2 2
 2  2 1  1  2   2 1  1 2 
  2     2 
4
      0
r  r r r r 2 2  r 2 r r r 2 2 
  1  
 r    
r  r  
 Solutions to Plane Problems
Cartesian Coordinates
Airy Representation
 2  2  2
 x  2 ,  y  2 ,  xy  
y x xy

Biharmonic Governing Equation

 4  4  4
 2 2 2  4  4   0
x 4
x y y

y
Traction Boundary Conditions
S
R Tx  f x ( x , y ) , T y  f y ( x , y )

x
 Solutions to Plane Problems
Polar Coordinates
Airy Representation
1  1  2   2   1  
r   2 2 ,   2 ,  r    
r r r  r r  r  

Biharmonic Governing Equation

 2 1  1  2   2 1  1 2 
    2 
4
 2 2  2   2 2   0
 r r r r   r r r r  

Traction Boundary Conditions

S
R Tr  f r ( r, ) , T  f  ( r, )
y


r

x
 Cartesian Coordinate Solutions
Using Polynomial Stress Functions
 4  4  4 2  2 2
2 2 2  4 0  x  2 ,  y  2 ,  xy  
x 4 x y y y x xy
 
( x, y )   Amn x m y n  A00  A10 x  A01 y  A20 x 2  A11xy  A02 y 2  
m 0 n 0

m  n  1 terms do not contribute to the stresses and are therefore dropped

m  n  3 terms will automatically satisfy the biharmonic equation
m  n  3 terms require constants Amn to be related in order to satisfy biharmonic equation

Solution method limited to problems where boundary traction conditions

can be represented by polynomials or where more complicated boundary
conditions can be replaced by a statically equivalent loading
 Stress Function Example
Consider the Following Stress Function :
F 2
 xy (3d  2 y )
d3
Determine the Stresses:
 2 6F
 x  2   3 x(d  y )
y d
 2  2 6F
 y  2  0 ,  xy    y (d  y )
x xy d 3

Appears to Solve the Beam Problem:

F d
x