Oscillatory loading on cylinders

Towards an understanding of the incident flow regime

Isavella Makri
09th March 2015

1
 Complexity of final problem
Oscillatory motions:
1.Body
2.Vortex shedding Flow separation
3.Waves

Floating
offshore wind
turbine in
waves

Free surface effects Finite height

Introduction to research 2
 Contents

4. Incident flow
regime results in the
4 Foot Flume.
3. Theory of flow
around finite height
cylinders.
2. Theory of flow
around infinitely
long cylinders. What is the actual
1. Overall research
highest velocity that I
objectives &
can achieve in the 4
methodology. How do the physics Foot Flume?
differ?
Does it meet our
Why do I need to expectations?
achieve a high
Reynolds number
To bring the current flow in the 4 Foot
investigation into Flume?
context. (high velocities)

Introduction to research 3
 Research objectives

Gain clearer understanding of differences associated with

oscillatory and non-oscillatory flow around slender bodies

Vortex shedding
Loading Force coefficients
mechanism

Introduction to research 4
 Research methodology

4 Foot Flume 1. Vertical fixed Long Flume

cylinder in steady 4. Vertical fixed
current cylinder in regular
2. Oscillating vertical waves
cylinder in still water 5. Vertical floating
3. Oscillating vertical cylinder in regular
cylinder in a steady waves (novel!)
current

Introduction to research 5
 Steady current flow around infinitely long cylinders

Vortex shedding mechanism

d 1
= 𝑂( ) (laminar)
𝐷 𝑅𝑒

d
≪ 1 (Re larger than O(100))
𝐷

Causes the shear

layer to roll up
Vorticity fed into shear • Pair is unstable
into a vortex
layer formed • One vortex grows
BL contains (sign identical to
downstream of larger
vorticity that of incoming
separation point • Implication?
vorticity, V1)

Re>40: BL over surface

separates due to adverse
pressure gradient
Flow around infinitely long cylinders BL: Boundary Layer 6
 Flow regimes around cylinder in a steady current

(Roshko & Schewe)

Re<5 5<Re<40 40<Re<200

No separation, Fixed pair of Laminar vortex street
symmetric vortices
Creeping flow

200<Re<300
Transition to
turbulence in the wake
Flow around infinitely long cylinders 7
 Flow regimes around cylinder in a steady current

(Roshko & Schewe)

3x105 <Re<3.5x105 (Critical)

300<Re<3x105 (Subcritical)
A: Laminar BL separation 3.5x105<Re< 1.5x106 (Supercritical)
Wake completely turbulent
B: Turbulent BL separation B: Turbulent BL separation
A: Laminar boundary layer
separation Transition to turbulence in the
entire BL has not been completed
yet; Region of transition: between B
and stagnation point

1.5x106<Re< 4x106
(Upper transition)
C: BL completely turbulent at one 4x106 <Re (Transcritical)
side C: BL completely turbulent at 2
sides
Other side: partly laminar partly 8
turbulent
 Vortex shedding frequency 𝑓𝑣
• Normalised vortex shedding
frequency:
𝑓𝑣 𝐷
S𝑡 =
𝑈
Turbulent separation in
Laminar separation in
supercritical regime
subcritical regime
• Called the Strouhal number (S𝑡)

• BL at one side completely turbulent;

Partly laminar partly turbulent at the
other side .
• Asymmetric situation with regard to the
formation of lee vortices.
• Asymmetry inhibits the interaction of
vortices partially  irregular, disorderly
vortex shedding.

Flow around infinitely long cylinders 9

 Forces on a cylinder in a steady current
Force acting in the in-line direction (drag force):
𝐹𝐷 = 𝐹 𝐷′ + 𝐹ത 𝐷
Force acting in the transverse direction (lift force):
𝐹𝐿 = 𝐹 𝐿′ + 𝐹ത 𝐿
0

2fv
Vortex Periodic
Pressure
shedding variation in the
distribution:
phenomenon force
periodic change
components

fv

Flow around infinitely long cylinders 10

Why do we need to achieve high Re number flow?

Re

Flow around infinitely long cylinders 11

 Flow around cylinder of finite length
Large aspect ratio A=L/D (A>4)

• Free end: three-dimensionality

 formation of two intense
longitudinal trailing vortices in
the tip region.

• Von Karman vortex shedding:

completely suppressed at the
tip.

Einian et al. (2010)

Flow around finite height cylinders 12

 Large aspect ratio cylinders (A>4)

Further along the cylinder: Effect of

longitudinal trailing vortices decreased.
Entrainment of fluid from the free end relieves
some of the negative pressure in the wake.
(Local peak in tip region is followed by a steep
reduction 𝐶ҧ 𝐷).

Near tip: Reduction in the

wake pressures (high local 𝐶ҧ 𝐷)
due to the longitudinal
vortices.

Interference to the mean loading

persists at a distance of 20
diameters from free-end.
y/D=1-16 (locations along the cylinder) Conditions associated with
infinitely long cylinder re-
established!
Flow around finite height cylinders 13
 Small aspect ratio cylinders (A<4)

1. Unsteady separated flow emanating from

free end.
2. Consequence: a fluctuating recirculating flow behind the
cylinder that has a distinct frequency.

Due to 1. & 2. the

The fluctuating recirculating
coherence of the
flow behind the cylinder is
vortex shedding is
responsible for the unsteady
partially destroyed drag and causes it to increase
(Lift force decreases beyond the fluctuating lift.
drastically).

Frequency of
recirculating flow
not necessarily equal
to fv. (fD>>fL)

Fluctuating drag is the dominant

unsteady force in finite height
Flow around finite height cylinders cylinders. 14
 Preliminary measurements
Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (3D velocity)

50mm

• One transmit & 4 receive

transducers.
• They focus on a sampling volume
away from the sensor to provide
undisturbed measurements.
• Sends out short acoustic pulse from
the transmit element.
• Some acoustic energy scattered
back from particles in water.
• The receiver detects the ‘echoes’
from the sampling volume that are
Doppler shifted.

Incident flow regime measurements 15

 Seeding

Hollow glass
microspheres

Reflect the
acoustic
wave

Neutrally
buoyant

Non-conductive

Incident flow regime measurements 16

 Description of experimental procedure

h=1.5m
w=1.2m

L=8m d=0.5m
y=0.6m
x=0.12m

Incident flow regime measurements 17

 Velocity profile

Theory Middle of the tank (with marbles)

L: Laminar
T:Turbulent

Incident flow regime measurements 18

 Non-dimensionalised velocity profiles

Literature Measurements
A=w/d<5

Re=70,000

Faruque (2014)
Incident flow regime measurements 19
 Maximum velocity that can be achieved in 4 Foot Flume (3 pumps)

Remax=200,000

Incident flow regime measurements 20

 Contour plot along the width of the tank

Near wall Middle of the flume

Incident flow regime measurements 21

 Velocity profiles for different Reynolds number flows

Re=70,000
Remax=200,000

Incident flow regime measurements 22

 Repeatability

Incident flow regime measurements 23

 Evaluation of turbulent intensity

• Reynolds decomposition

• Mean kinetic energy:

1 1
𝑒ҧ = 𝑢ത 𝑢ത + 𝑣ҧ 𝑣ҧ + 𝑤
ഥ𝑤ഥ = ෍ 𝑢ത 𝑖 𝑢ത 𝑖
2 2
𝑖

• Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE):

1 1
𝑒= 𝑢′𝑢′ + 𝑣 ′ 𝑣′ + 𝑤 ′ 𝑤′ = σ𝑖 𝑢′𝑖𝑢′𝑖
2 2

• Turbulent intensity

𝑒
i=
𝑒ҧ

Incident flow regime measurements 24

Contour plot of turbulent intensity (without marbles)

Contour plot of turbulent intensity (with marbles)

25
Sampling time convergence study

t=120s

0.54% difference

26
Sampling frequency convergence study

f=150 Hz

27
 Future Plans

Experimental set-up Re number in 4 Foot Flume

• 𝐰 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝐦 (no side plates will be

subtracted)

• 𝐝 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐦

𝑈𝑚𝐷𝑚
• Remax =
𝑣

• Q = 0.25𝑚3/𝑠  Um = 0.41𝑚/𝑠
(maximum velocity as we established)
𝑤
• Blockage minimised if > 5
𝐷
(Tark (2012))  Dm = 0.24𝑚

• 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟎 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟓

(Re number of cylinder)

Incident flow regime measurements 28

 End of Repeatability
boundary
layer Sampling
vertical time
position of
cylinder

Dynamic Conclusions Sampling

Pressure  frequency
Selection of
pressure
transducer

Maximum
Maximum Reynolds
flow number
velocity

Conclusions 29
• Thank you for your attention

• Questions?

30
Flow around infinitely long cylinders 31
 Supercritical & upper transition region
merge into one as roughness increased

Supercritical regime:
𝐶ҧ 𝐷 vs Re curve shirts towards lower Re ϕs =140o (smooth)
number range (early transition to turbulence ϕs =110o (ks/D=4.5x10-3)
in the BL)

Flow around infinitely long cylinders 32

 Scaling

• Prototypes are scaled down to • Fr scaling is applied and account

models through application of for Re disparity by other means
scaling laws (geometric, kinematic
& dynamic similarity) 1. Maximize scale factor (λ=50)
2. Induce turbulence by external
• Coastal engineering: means
𝑈
Froude similitude (Fr= ) 3. Increase cylinder roughness
𝑔𝐿
4. Correct Re effect in scaling up
• Flow around cylinder: Re number
data to full scale.
similitude cannot be neglected!
𝑈𝐷
(Re = )
𝑣 • Fr scaling :
• Water depth, diameter scale
• Impossible to satisfy both criteria linearly (1/λ)
simultaneously!
• Velocity (1/ λ)

33
 Prototype & model

FOWT Apply Fr scaling

FOWT D=8.9m Model D=0.18m

L=64m L=1.28
(d=1.4m!)
A=7.2
A=7.2

Re>4x106 Re=25000
(small!)

Re > 4𝑥106
𝐿
A= = 7.2 (Large aspect ratio)
𝐷

Experimental set-up 34