ULTRASONIC MOTORS

Contents
 Introduction
• It has been known for more than 30 years.

• The first ultrasonic motor was introduce by V.V Lavrinko in

1965.

• An Ultrasonic motor is a type of electric motor formed from

the ultrasonic vibration of a component, the stator being
placed against another, the rotor depending on the
scheme of operation.

• Conversion of electric energy into motion by inverse

piezoelectric effect.
 Introduction
• To obtain the levels of torque speed characteristics of
USM using conventional motors we require to add a
gear system to reduce the speed.

• These characteristics of USM makes them attractive for

robotic applications where small motions are required.

• This motor achieves high speed and drive forces, while

still permitting the moving part to be positioned with
high accuracy.
 What is Piezoelectric Effect?

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction

between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no
inversion symmetry.

• Piezoelectricity – generation of voltage in response of mechanical

stress.
• The word is derived from the Greek piezein, which means to squeeze
or press.
• This effect is also reversible.
• Deformation is only 0.1 % of the original dimension.
• Piezoelectric material- quartz(SiO2), barium titanate (BaTiO3) lead
zirconate titanate and occasionally lithium niobate .
Advantage of Piezoelectric Motor
 Electromagnetic motors are notorious for consuming high amount of power
and creating high ambient motor temperatures respect to USM

 The electromagnetic motors produce strong magnetic fields which cause

interference. Ultrasonic motors use piezoelectric effect and hence no
magnetic interference.

 Electromagnetic motor has high input to output energy loss ratios

 USM High positional accuracy respect to Electromagnetic Motor.

 How it Looks…

Piezoelectric
Actuator

Rotor
 Basic Principle
• Generation of gross mechanical motion through the
amplification and repetition of micro-deformations of active
material.

• The active material induces an orbital motion of the stator at the

rotor contact points .

• Frictional interface between the rotor and stator rectifies the

micro-motion to produce macro-motion of the ROTOR.

• Working frequency-20 KHz to 10 MHz

• Amplitude of the actuator motion – 20 to 200nm

 Construction
Fundamental Construction of USM
Ultrasonic motor by Barth
Types of Ultrasonic Motor
Ultrasonic
motor

Standing Traveling
wave wave

bidirectional unidirectional
Standing Wave USM

 This type of motors use three groups of

crystals: two of which are Locking and
one Motive.

 First, one group of locking crystals is

activated — this gives one locked
side and one unlocked side of the
'sandwich'.

 Next, the motive crystal group is

triggered and held — the expansion
of this group moves the unlocked
locking group along the motor path.
This is the only stage where motor
movement takes place.
 This type of motor commonly known under the names of
Inchworm, Piezo LEGS or PiezoWalk motors
 Traveling Wave USM
• Superposition of multiple
standing wave create a
traveling wave.
• Representation of travelling
wave
U(x ,p)= A cos(k x) cos(wt) + A
cos(k x - 90) cos (wt-90).
• Phase difference is 90 degree
 Traveling wave USM
•The active material excites a traveling flexural wave within the
stator that leads to elliptical motion of the surface particles.
•Teeth are used to enhance the speed that is associated with
the propelling effect of these particles.
•The rectification of the micro-motion an interface is provided
by pressing the rotor on top of the stator and the frictional force
between the two causes the rotor to spin.
 Major Application
• Camera auto focus lenses

• Driving fluid

• Watch motors and compact

paper handling.

• Optoelectronics area

• In micro surgery and sensor

scanning.
 Conclusion

Hence the ultrasonic motors, which is a new step in the

miniaturized electrical technology has got many
applications in small appliances because of its high
torque at low density.
 Advantages

 High Torque and Low Speed

 High Holding Power with no electric current
 High Response and High Controllability
 Usable in a High Magnetic Field and Not generate
Electromagnetic Waves.
 Small, Thin and Lightweight
 High Silence