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and Measurements
N.V. Raghavendra
L. Krishnamurthy
Pressure Measurements
The scales used to measure temperature can be divided into relative scales
[Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C)] and absolute scales [Rankine (°R) and Kelvin
(K)].
The various temperature scales are related as follows:
F = 1.8C + 32
C = (F − 32)/1.8
R = F + 460
K = C + 273
The following are the units and conversion actors that are normally used:
1. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
2. 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 1.013 × 105 Pa
3. 1 mmHg = 1 Torr
4. 1 Torr = 1.316 × 10−3 atm = 133.3 Pa
5. 1 bar = 105 Pa
© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.
Methods of Pressure Measurement
Pressure measurements can be grouped into two main categories:
Static and Dynamic pressures.
Static pressure, as the name implies, is the pressure exerted by a
fluid when it is in equilibrium or still or static; pressures acting at
a point are the same in all directions and do not depend on the
direction.
For measuring pressures that vary rapidly, the methods that are
employed for the measurement of static pressure are not
suitable (e.g., pressure in the cylinder of an internal combustion
engine).
In such cases, pressure transducers are used to convert pressure
into signals that are recordable.
© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.
Methods of Pressure Measurement
Static Pressure Measurement
The static pressure at any point in the fluid is the pressure exerted by
the height of the fluid above that point, when the fluid is in static
condition.
These two pressure probes P1 and P2 are placed such that their openings
receive the impact of the flow.
© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.
Methods of Pressure Measurement
The results of measurements differ from
each other. The pressure probe P1
measures static component of the
pressure, whereas the pressure probe P2
gives stagnation pressure.
Thus, it can be seen from above Eq. that the rise of the liquid in the wide
limb is proportional to the differential pressure (P1 − P2).
© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.
Methods of Pressure Measurement
Cistern Manometer
where P1 and P2 are the initial and final pressures, respectively, and V1 and
V2 are the corresponding volumes.