Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds
 Definition
 Compound that contain the element carbon.
 Carbon compounds usually contain
 Carbon & hydrogen atoms only.
 Carbon & hydrogen atoms in combination with
oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorus &
halogens
 Carbon
Compounds

Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

Hydrocarbons Non-hydrocarbons

Alkanes Alkenes Alcohol Carboxylic Acids Esters

Organic Compounds
Compounds of Carbon containing
plant/animal origin compounds

 Glucose
 Petrol
 Urea
 Fuel
 carbohydrate
 Plastic
 Fat
 Synthetic Fiber
 protein
 Fats
 Hormone
 Enzyme
 DNA molecules
Importance of organic
chemistry
To identify the combustion
products of organic compounds
 Practical book p 25
Combustion Products of
Organic Compounds
 Organic compounds are combustible
substances
 When an organic compounds is burnt in
excess oxygen, the main products are
 Carbon dioxide
 Water
 Example
 Complete combustion of glucose
 C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)  6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
Inorganic Compounds
 Can be obtained from non-living things
 Oxide of carbon
 Carbon dioxide
 Carbonates
 Calcium carbonate
 Cyanides
 Potassium cyanide, KCN
 Metallic carbides LEARNING
 Aluminium carbide, Al4C3 TASK
 Non-carbon containing compounds 2.1
 silica
Hydrocarbons
 Definition
 Organic compounds containing only carbon & hydrogen atoms
only.
 Common natural source
 Petroleum
 Coal
 Natural gas
 Rubber tree
 Classified into two groups
 Saturated hydrocarbon
 Containing only carbon-carbon single bonds
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon
 Containing at least one carbon-carbon double/triple bonds
Non-hydrocarbons
 Definition
 Organic compounds in which some or all of the
hydrogen atoms have been replaced by other
atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
or halogens.
 Example
 Sugar
 Protein
Alkanes
 Source
 Petroleum
 Natural gas
 Are a family of hydrocarbons
 saturated hydrocarbons
 Each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms
by single covalent bond
Molecular Formula vs
Structural Formula
 Molecular Formula  Structural formula
 Shows the actual  Shows how the atoms in
numbers and types of a molecule are bonded
atoms present in a together and by what
molecule types of bonds

CH4 methane
Molecular Formula vs
Structural Formula
 Molecular Formula
 Shows the actual
numbers and types of
atoms present in a
molecule
 Structural formula
 Shows how the atoms in
a molecule are bonded
together and by what
types of bonds

C2H6 ethane

CH3CH3
Alkanes
 General formula for the alkanes family
 CnH2n+2, n= 1, 2, 3….
 Try finding the molecular formula for the
twentieth member in the alkane family.
 C20H42
 Alkanes
Member Number of Number of Molecular Structural Condensed
carbon hydrogen formula formula structural
atoms atoms formula

3
Naming Alkanes
 Based on rules set by IUPAC
 Straight chain alkanes consist of two parts

Root Ending

Denotes the longest Denotes the family of the

Carbon chain Organic compound
Root names
Number of carbon atoms Root names
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
 Alkanes
Member Number of Number of Molecular Name Structural Condensed
carbon hydrogen formula formula structural
atoms atoms formula

3
Physical Properties of Alkanes
 Alkanes are covalent compounds, consisting
of simple molecules
 Molecules are held together by weak
intermolecular forces
 Physical Properties
 Electrical conductivity
 Solubility
 Melting & freezing points
 density
Physical Properties of Alkanes
 Physical Properties
 Electrical conductivity
 Can’t conduct electricity
 Solubility
 Can’t dissolve in water
 Dissolve in organic solvents
 Melting & freezing points
 Low. Why?
 Weak intermolecular force. Less heat is needed to over the
force between the molecules
 Density
 Low
Physical Properties of Alkanes
 Try study the physical properties as shown in
table 2.2 in your text book p 37.
 Determine physical state at room
temperature for each alkane molecules
 As the number of carbon atoms in alkane
molecules increase,
 Change of the state of the alkanes at room
temperature
 Gas  liquid  solid
Physical Properties of Alkanes
 What’s the relationship between the number
of carbon atoms per molecules and boiling
point?
Physical Properties of Alkanes
200

150

100

50
boiling point 0C

0
Boiling Point
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

-50

-100

-150

-200
num ber of carbon atom s per m olecule
Physical Properties of Alkanes
 What’s the relationship between the number
of carbon atoms per molecules and boiling
point?
 As the number of carbon atoms per molecules
increase
 Molecular size of alkanes increase
 Stronger intermolecular force
 More heat is needed to overcome the force
 Boiling point gradually increase
Physical Properties of Alkanes
 What’s the relationship between the number
of carbon atoms per molecules and density?
Physical Properties of Alkanes
0.74

0.72

0.7

0.68
density, g/dm3

0.66 density

0.64

0.62

0.6

0.58
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
num ber of carbon atom s per m olecules
Physical Properties of Alkanes
 What’s the relationship between the number
of carbon atoms per molecules and density?
 As the number of carbon atoms per molecules
increase
 Molecular size of alkanes increase
 Molecular mass increase
 Densities of the alkanes increase
Chemical Properties
 Combustion
 Complete combustion
 In the presence of sufficient of oxygen gas, produce carbon
dioxide & water
 Chemical Equation of complete combustion of
 Methane
 Ethane
 Incomplete combustion
 Insufficient of oxygen gas

 Produce C, CO2, CO and H2O

 Chemical equation of incomplete combustion of methane

Chemical Properties
 Halogenation
 Example of substitution reaction

Substitution reaction occurs when one atom or a

group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another
atom or group of atom

 Takes place in sunlight

 Chemical Equation
Methane, good or bad?
 End product of the anaerobic decay of plants
 Methane is formed in landfills and peat swamps
 Methane is combustible gas. So?

Information!
 In India, cow dung is kept in closed tanks and allow to rot and
decomposed released methane gas. This gas is supplied via pipes
for heating and cooking.
 In landfill such as garbage dumps/swamps, the decomposition of
this materials released methane gas that causes fires to occur.