TAR1 Chapter 02d

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The American The American Republic To 1877

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 A Changing World
Section 2 Early Exploration
Section 3 Spain in America
Section 4 Exploring North America
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: A Changing World
• Examine how technology made long sea voyages
possible. 
• Explore the factors that allowed great civilizations
in Africa to flourish.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Early Exploration
• Explain Portugal’s leadership roles in exploration.

• Understand Columbus’s plan for sailing to Asia.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: Spain in America
• Evaluate the decline of the Aztec and Inca
Empires in the Americas. 
• Explore how Spain governed its empire in the
Americas.

Chapter Objectives
Section 4: Exploring North America
• Explain how the Protestant Reformation affected
North America. 
• Evaluate why the activities of early traders
encouraged exploration.

Why It Matters
Although the English have been the major
influence on United States history, they are only
part of the story. Beginning with Native
Americans and continuing through time, people
from many cultures came to the Americas.
The Impact Today
The Americas today consist of people from
cultures around the globe. Native Americans,
Spanish, Africans, and others discussed in
Chapter 2 have all played key roles in shaping
the culture we now call American.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
New knowledge and ideas led Europeans to explore
overseas. 
Key Terms
• classical  • caravel 
• Renaissance  • pilgrimage 
• technology  • mosque
• astrolabe 

Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Determining Cause and Effect As you read the
section, re-create the diagram on page 38 of your
textbook and identify three reasons Europeans
increased overseas exploration. 
Read to Learn
• how technology made long sea voyages possible. 
• how great civilizations flourished in Africa.

Section Theme
Culture and Traditions The spirit of the Renaissance
changed the way Europeans thought about the world.
Marco Polo

Expanding Horizons
• Marco Polo’s book, Travels, written in 1296–
97, described his travels to Asia. 
• It inspired Columbus and other explorers to
journey to these lands 200 years later. 
• The cities of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa became
centers of the growing trade in goods such as
spices, silks, perfumes, and precious stones.
(pages 38–39)
Expanding Horizons (cont.)
• The Renaissance, a period of renewed interest
in classical Greek and Roman learning, spread
throughout Europe in the 1400s. 
• It encouraged Europeans to pursue new ideas

and challenges and set the stage for
exploration and discovery.
(pages 38–39)
Expanding Horizons (cont.)
Why do you think Western European explorers

found Asia so interesting?
Possible answer: Europeans had the ideas of
becoming wealthy through foreign trade and
learning about lifestyles in distant lands.
(pages 38–39)
Space Bar to display the answer.
Powerful Nations Emerge
• The development of large nation-states in
Western Europe helped spark foreign trade and
travel outside the region. 
• The monarchies of Spain, Portugal, England,
and France looked for ways to increase the
power and wealth of their countries.
(pages 39–41)
Powerful Nations Emerge (cont.)
Why was it necessary for monarchs to work at

building powerful and wealthy countries?
Possible answer: Countries wanted to appear

powerful so they would not be invaded and
overtaken by any other country. Wealth would
allow the monarch to outfit a powerful army
that could defend the country or invade
another country.
(pages 39–41)
Technology’s Impact
• Better maps and navigational instruments, such
as the astrolabe and compass, helped
navigators more accurately determine direction
and location. 
• Larger and sturdier sailing vessels, such as the
caravel, enabled sailors to travel faster and
carry more people, cargo, and food. 
• These advances enabled sailors to explore new
routes, especially a sea route to Asia.
(pages 40–41)
Technology’s Impact (cont.)
• Portugal and Spain began searching for routes
to Asia and traveled south to the West Coast of
Africa.
(pages 40–41)
Technology’s Impact (cont.)
How does modern technology make our lives

easier?
Possible answer: Modern technology helps us
do things better, faster, more efficiently, and
cost effectively.
(pages 40–41)
African Kingdoms
• Three West African kingdoms flourished:
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. 
• Ghana was a huge trading empire between
400 and 1100. 
• Its trade in gold and salt contributed to its
prosperity. 
• When Ghana’s power declined, the empire
saw new states emerge.
(pages 41–42)
African Kingdoms (cont.)
• Mali and its capital, Timbuktu, became
important Islamic centers. Mansa Musa, who
ruled Mali from 1312 to 1337, was its greatest
king. 
• He made a pilgrimage to Makkah (also
spelled Mecca), the Muslim holy city.
(pages 41–42)
• The Songhai Empire rose in the late 1400s and
became the largest in the history of West
Africa. 
• Its ruler, Askìya Muhammad, encouraged trade
with Europe and Asia and introduced to his
country a legal system,
a system of government, and schools. 
• The empire fell in the late 1500s when the
Moroccans attacked its trade centers.
(pages 41–42)
Why did great empires arise in Africa?
The resources of the land, the trade with

North Africa, and powerful rulers helped
create these great empires.
(pages 41–42)
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
B 1. a period of intellectual and artistic A. classical
creativity, c. 1300–1600 B. Renaissance
__
D 2. an instrument used by sailors to C. technology
observe positions of the stars
D. astrolabe
__
A 3. relating to ancient Greece
and Rome E. caravel
__
C 4. the application of scientific
discoveries to practical use
E 5. small, fast ship with a broad bow
__

Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Facts Name three technological
advances that furthered European exploration.
Describe how these advances helped explorers.
Possible answers: Mapmakers refined their

methods and created more accurate maps; the
astrolabe improved navigation; the three-
masted caravel allowed ships to travel farther.

Reviewing Themes
Culture and Traditions How did the Islamic
religion spread to the early kingdoms of
Africa? What is the name of the holy book of
Islam?
The Islamic religion spread to the early

kingdoms of Africa through trade between
African kingdoms and Arab Muslims in North
Africa. The holy book of Islam is called the
Quran.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the
Renaissance began in Italy and not in another
part of Europe?
Italy’s prosperity enabled citizens to pursue an

interest in the region’s past.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of the
African trading kingdoms on page 41 of your
textbook. Which of the trading kingdoms was
established earliest? In which region of Africa
did the three trading kingdoms develop?
The earliest trading kingdom was Ghana. The

three trading kingdoms developed in West Africa.

Science Select a technological advance that
has occurred during your lifetime. Compare its
effects to the effects of one of the technological
advances described in Section 1. Which has
had the greater impact on society?
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
In search of trade routes, Portuguese explorers
ushered in an era of overseas exploration. 
Key Terms
• line of demarcation 
• strait 
• circumnavigate

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section, re-
create the diagram on page 43 of your textbook and
identify explorers, when they traveled, and where they
went. 
Read to Learn
• how Portugal led the way in overseas exploration. 
• about Columbus’s plan for sailing to Asia.

Section Theme
Geography and History In 1400 Europeans had a
limited knowledge of the geography of the world.
Compass

Seeking New Trade Routes
• The Portuguese were the leaders of early
exploration. 
• They hoped to find a new route to China and
India. 
• They also helped to find a more direct way to
get West African gold. 
• Prince Henry of Portugal (also called Henry
the Navigator) set up a center for exploration
so that scientists could share their knowledge
with shipbuilders and sailors.
(pages 43–45)
Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.)
• Ships sailed south along the coast of West
Africa (also called the Gold Coast) where they
traded for gold and ivory and began buying
slaves in the mid-1400s. 
• In 1487 Bartholomeu Dias explored the
southernmost part of Africa. 
• This became known as the Cape of Good
Hope. 
• The king of Portugal hoped the passage
around the tip of Africa would lead to a new
route to India.
(pages 43–45)
• In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed around the
Cape of Good Hope. 
• He visited East African cities and reached
India in 1498.
(pages 43–45)
Why do you think the Portuguese began

buying slaves from West Africa?
Possible answer: They traded goods for
slaves so they could help make Portugal
wealthy.
(pages 43–45)
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
• The Vikings reached North America and

established settlements in Iceland and
Greenland in the 800s and 900s. 
• Viking sailor Leif Eriksson explored land west
of Greenland known as Vinland about the year
1000. 
• Historians think that Vinland was North
America. 
• No one is sure what other parts of North
America the Vikings explored.
(pages 45–49)
(cont.)
• Queen Isabella of Spain sponsored
Columbus on his first voyage in August
1492. 
• He set out with three ships to find a route to
Asia. 
• On October 12, 1492, he spotted land, named
it San Salvador, and claimed it for Spain. 
• He did not know that he had reached the
Americas. He was convinced that he had
reached the East Indies.
(pages 45–49)
(cont.)
• Columbus made three additional voyages in
1493, 1498, and 1502. 
• He explored the Caribbean islands of
Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica and sailed
along the coasts of Central America and
northern South America. 
• He claimed these lands for Spain.
(pages 45–49)
(cont.)
• The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed by Spain
and Portugal to clarify the line of demarcation
between their lands in the Americas. 
• The treaty moved the line farther west so that

Portugal would not be at a disadvantage. 
• Spain was to have control of all the lands to
the west of the line, and Portugal was to have
control of all the lands to the east of the line.
(pages 45–49)
(cont.)
• Amerigo Vespucci mapped South America’s
coastline in 1499. 
• He concluded South America was a continent,
but not part of Asia. 
• European geographers called the continent
America, in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. 
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa claimed the Pacific and
adjoining lands for Spain.
(pages 45–49)
(cont.)
• Ferdinand Magellan, sailing from Spain in
1519, found a passage to the Pacific, the Strait
of Magellan. 
• Magellan sailed around South America and
toward Spain. 
• Magellan was killed in an island battle along the
way, but a small number of his crew made it all
the way to Spain. 
• The crew became the first to circumnavigate
the world.
(pages 45–49)
(cont.)
Why did European explorers attempt these

difficult journeys?
Possible answer: European explorers

attempted these journeys because of the
excitement, gaining wealth and fame, being
dedicated to a goal, and so on.
(pages 45–49)
left.
__
B 1. a narrow passageway A. line of
connecting two larger bodies demarcation
of water B. strait
__
C 2. to sail around around the world C. circumnavigate
__
A 3. an imaginary line running
down the middle of the
Atlantic Ocean from the North
Pole to the South Pole dividing
the Americas between Spain
and Portugal

Reviewing Facts Who were the first Europeans
to reach the Americas and when did they arrive?
The first Europeans to reach the Americas were

the Vikings (c. 1000), Christopher Columbus
(1492), and Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1513).

Reviewing Themes
Geography and History What nations signed
the Treaty of Tordesillas? What was the purpose
of the line of demarcation? How did the treaty
affect European exploration of the Americas?
Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of

Tordesillas. The line of demarcation determined
control of lands by Spain (all lands west of the
line) and Portugal (all lands east of the line).

Critical Thinking
Making Inferences For years, many history
books have claimed that “Columbus discovered
America.” Why do you think Native Americans
might disagree with the choice of the word
“discovered” in this statement? What might be
a better word?
Native Americans lived in the Americas before

Columbus arrived. Better words may include:
claimed, encountered, came upon, or reached.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of
European voyages of exploration on page 48;
then answer the questions that follow. When
did Verrazano make his voyage? For what
country did he sail? How did Cabot’s route to
the Americas differ from that of Columbus?
Verrazano made his voyage in 1524. He sailed

for France. Cabot traveled father north than
Columbus.

Geography Draw a map of the world as you
think Columbus might have seen it in 1492.
Remember his error in calculating distance.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
In the sixteenth century, Spain established and
governed a vast empire in the Americas. 
Key Terms
• conquistador  • presidio 
• tribute  • encomienda 
• pueblo  • plantation
• mission 

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section, re-
create the diagram on page 51 of your textbook and
identify Spanish conquistadors, along with the regions
they explored. 
Read to Learn
• how the great Aztec and Inca Empires came to an
end. 
• how Spain governed its empire in the Americas.

Section Theme
Culture and Traditions The conquistadors conquered
mighty empires in the Americas.
Conquistador’s armor

Spanish Conquistadors
• Conquistadors were explorers who settled in
the Americas. 
• They received land grants from Spanish rulers
in exchange for one-fifth of gold or treasure
taken from the Americas. 
• In 1521 Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec
capital of Tenochtitlán. 
• He took their emperor Montezuma prisoner and
gained control of the region. 
• Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca ruler
Atahualpa in 1532 and later gained control of
the Inca Empire. (pages 51–53)
Spanish Conquistadors (cont.)
• The Spanish conquistadors conquered great
Native American empires with their strong
armies using guns, cannons, and horses. 
• The invaders also received the help of the

Native Americans in overthrowing many
existing rulers. 
• Because the Native Americans had no immunity
to European diseases, many of them became
sick and died.
(pages 51–53)
Spanish Conquistadors (cont.)
What personality traits do you think the

conquistadors might have had?
Possible answer: The conquistadors might
have had traits such as goal-oriented, greedy,
fearless, driven, and strong-willed.
(pages 51–53)
Spain in North America
• Spanish conquistadors also explored the
southeastern and southwestern parts of North
America in hopes of finding riches. 
• Juan Ponce de León landed on the east coast
of present-day Florida in 1513, looking for
gold and the “fountain of youth.” 
• In 1565 the first Spanish settlement in the
United States, a fort, was established at St.
Augustine, Florida.
(pages 53–55)
Spain in North America (cont.)
• Many conquistadors searched for wealth and
the “Seven Cities of Cibola.” 
• Some lost their lives as they searched for these
cities because of stormy weather, lack of
supplies, and illness. 
• Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Pánfilo de
Narváez explored Florida and the coast of
Mexico. 
• In 1541 Hernando de Soto explored the
southeastern region of North America.
(pages 53–55)
• He crossed the Mississippi River and traveled
as far west as present-day Oklahoma. 
• Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled

through northern Mexico and present-day
Arizona and New Mexico. 
• In 1540 he reached a town belonging to the
Zuni people, but found no gold.
(pages 53–55)
What similarities do you see between these

early conquistadors and the immigrants of
today who are settling in the United States?
Possible answer: Both share the ideas of

hopes of a good or new life in another place,
learning to adapt to a new environment, and
being able to leave their homes for the
unknown.
(pages 53–55)
Spanish Rule
• The Spanish established three kinds of
settlements in the Americas. 
- Pueblos or towns were centers of trade. 
- Missions were religious communities. 
- Presidios were forts and usually built near a
mission. 
• The hierarchy of the social classes from upper
to lower included: 
- peninsulares who owned land, ran the local
government, and served in the Catholic Church.
(pages 54–56)
Spanish Rule (cont.)
- creoles, or people born in the Americas to Spanish
parents. 
- mestizos, or people with both Spanish and Native
American parents. 
- Native Americans. 
- enslaved Africans.
(pages 54–56)
• The Spanish developed a system of
encomiendas that created enslaved Native
Americans. 
• A conquistador could demand taxes and labor
from the Native Americans living on the land. 
• Many Native Americans died from malnutrition
and disease because of this grueling labor.
(pages 54–56)
• Bartolomé de Las Casas, a priest, condemned
this harsh treatment and fought against it. 
• As a result, Spain passed the New Laws

in 1542 that forbade enslaving Native
Americans.
(pages 54–56)
• The Spanish also developed the plantation
system, or large estate. 
• The Spanish used Native Americans to work on
the plantations, but in the mid-1500s, Africans
were transported from West Africa to replace
enslaved Native Americans. 
• As a result, slave labor became an essential part
of the Spanish and Portuguese economies.
(pages 54–56)
Why do you think the social class system

developed in the Americas?
Possible answer: Most societies have social
classes. The conquistadors brought Western
European ideas about class structure to the
Americas.
(pages 54–56)
left.
__
A 1. Spanish explorer in the A. conquistador
Americas in the 1500s B. tribute
__
D 2. religious settlement C. pueblo
__
B 3. money paid for protection D. mission
__
E 4. a large estate run by an owner E. plantation
or manager and farmed by
laborers who lived there
C 5. home or community of homes
__
built by Native Americans

Reviewing Facts What three kinds of
settlements did Spain establish in the Americas?
How did they differ?
Spain established pueblos: centers for trade;

missions: small religious communities; and
presidios: forts built near a mission.

Reviewing Themes
Culture and Traditions What groups made up
the class system in Spanish America?
The class system in Spanish America was made

up of peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Native
Americans, and enslaved Africans.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Primary Sources One
conquistador explained, “We came to serve
God and the king, and also to get rich.” In what
way do you think conquistadors planned to
serve “God and the king”?
The conquistadors planned to serve “God

and the king” by converting people to
Christianity and claiming land and riches for
the king.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of Spanish
exploration on page 52 of your textbook. What
expedition traveled from Florida to the
Mississippi River? Through what regions did
the Coronado expedition travel?
De Soto’s expedition traveled from Florida to

the Mississippi River. The Coronado expedition
traveled through northern Mexico and present-
day Arizona and
New Mexico.

Geography Using cookbooks as references, create an
all-American dinner menu that features only foods
introduced to Europeans by Native Americans.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Rivalries between countries, the search for a
Northwest Passage to Asia, and early trading
activities led to increased exploration of North
America. 
Key Terms
• mercantilism  • Northwest Passage 
• Columbian Exchange • coureur de bois


Reading Strategy
Determining Cause and Effect As you read the
section, re-create the diagram on page 58 of your
textbook and provide an effect for each cause. 
Read to Learn
• how the Protestant Reformation affected North
America. 
• why the activities of early traders encouraged
exploration.

Section Theme
Global Connections European nations competed for
overseas land and resources.
Martin Luther

A Divided Church
• Martin Luther brought about changes in Europe
in the 1500s with his opposition to
Catholicism. 
• His protests began the Protestant Reformation.

• In France, John Calvin, a Christian theologist,

broke away from the Catholic Church. 
• For personal reasons, King Henry VIII
established England as a Protestant nation.
(pages 58–59)
A Divided Church (cont.)
• When Europeans settled in America, they
brought with them their religious beliefs of
either Catholicism or Protestantism.
(pages 58–59)
A Divided Church (cont.)
Why do you think Martin Luther had so many

followers?
Possible answer: Many people felt repressed
by the Catholic Church and were ready, in
this age of discovery, to join a Protestant
revolution.
(pages 58–59)
Economic Rivalry
• The exploration of the Americas created
rivalries between European countries to
acquire colonies there. 
• These colonies provided resources and a
market to sell European products.
(pages 59–62)
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
• The Columbian Exchange was a two-way
exchange between the Americas and Europe,
Asia, or Africa. 
• The exchange included crops, livestock, and
other goods for enslaved Africans who worked
on the plantations. 
• Disease was a result of this exchange since
Native Americans did not have the immunity
to fight off European germs.
(pages 59–62)
• England, France, and the Netherlands searched
for a more direct route to Asia to compete with
Spain and Portugal, who had claimed most of
the Americas. 
• This became known as the Northwest
Passage. Instead of traveling around South
America, they sailed along the northern coast
to North America. 
• John Cabot probably landed on the coast of
Newfoundland in 1497. 
• England was then able to establish claims in
North America. (pages 59–62)
• Giovanni da Verrazano sailed for France in
1524 and explored the coast of North
America from present-day Nova Scotia south
to the Carolinas. 
• Jacques Cartier also sailed for France. He
sailed up the St. Lawrence River and
founded Mont-Royal (Montreal).
(pages 59–62)
• Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch. He
discovered the Hudson River in 1609. He
sailed as far north as Albany. 
• In 1610 he discovered Hudson Bay, thinking
that he had reached the Pacific Ocean. 
• He and his crew were unsuccessful in finding
an outlet. 
• In the 1600s France and the Netherlands set up
trading posts in the Americas.
(pages 59–62)
• They were interested in economic
opportunities, not building an empire. 
• Samuel de Champlain established a trading
post for fur trading in Quebec and other
parts of Canada. 
• The Dutch established trading posts along
the Hudson River.
(pages 59–62)
Why was it important for Europeans to

compete for territory in the Americas?
Possible answer: Owning territory led to
wealth, and wealth led to power. Each
European country did not want its neighbors
to become more powerful.
(pages 59–62)
left.
__
C 1. water route to Asia through A. mercantilism
North America sought by B. Columbian
European explorers Exchange
__
A 2. the theory that a state’s or C. Northwest Passage
nation’s power depended on its
wealth D. coureur de bois
__
B 3. exchange of goods, ideas, and
people between Europe and the
Americas
__
D 4. French trapper living among
Native Americans

Reviewing Facts What were English, French,
and Dutch explorers searching for while charting
the coast of North America?
They were searching for a more direct water

route to Asia.

Reviewing Themes
Global Connections How did French goals in
the Americas differ from the goals of other
European nations?
The French wanted to make profits rather than

settle land.

Critical Thinking
Identifying Central Issues How did the
economic theory of mercantilism influence the
exploration and settlement of North America by
Europeans?
A nation’s power was based on its wealth, which

was increased by acquiring gold and silver and
developing trade. Overseas territories were seen
as potential sources of wealth.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map, French
Explorers, 1535–1682, on page 61 of your
textbook. Which of the French explorers
traveled farthest south? Along what river did
Marquette and Joliet travel?
La Salle traveled farthest south. Marquette and

Joliet traveled along the Mississippi River.

Persuasive Writing Write a letter to one of the
explorers who searched for a Northwest Passage. In
the letter, explain why it is important for your nation
to find a Northwest Passage.
left.
__
D 1. Spanish explorer in the A. Renaissance
Americas in the 1500s B. astrolabe
__
B 2. an instrument used by sailors C. caravel
to observe positions of stars
D. conquistador
__
G 3. the theory that a state’s or
nation’s power depended on its E. mission
wealth F. presidio
__
A 4. a period of intellectual and G. mercantilism
artistic creativity, c. 1300-1600 H. Northwest Passage

left.
__
F 5. Spanish fort in the Americas A. Renaissance
built to protect mission B. astrolabe
settlements
C. caravel
__
C 6. small, fast ship with a broad
bow D. conquistador
__ E. mission
H 7. water route to Asia through
North America sought by F. presidio
European explorers G. mercantilism
__
E 8. religious settlement H. Northwest Passage

Reviewing Key Facts
Why were Europeans interested in Asia?
Europeans were interested in Asia for trade.

Reviewing Key Facts
Where did the earliest Portuguese explorers sail?
Dias sailed to the southernmost part of Africa.

Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa to India.

Reviewing Key Facts
What was the main reason the Spanish wanted to
conquer the Aztec and the Inca?
The Spanish wanted to conquer the Aztec and

the Inca for their riches, mainly gold.

Reviewing Key Facts
What movement created religious rivalries in
Europe that carried over into exploration of the
Americas?
The Protestant Reformation created religious

rivalries in Europe that carried over into the
exploration of the Americas.

Reviewing Key Facts
What were explorers searching for during their
explorations of the North American coast?
Explorers were searching for a Northwest

Passage.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the
Caribbean Islands are often referred to as the
West Indies?
Columbus originally believed he had landed in

the East Indies near Asia. As a result, the islands
were later named the West Indies.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information Study the feature on the
Columbian Exchange on page 60 of your
textbook. What foods were shipped to Europe?
Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and chocolate

were shipped to Europe.

Geography and History Activity
Study the map below and answer the questions on the following
slides.
Place In what
present-day
states were the
Spanish
missions
located?
The Spanish
missions were
located in Texas,
New Mexico,
Arizona, and
California.

Location Near
what city was
the
northernmost
Spanish mission
located?
The
northernmost
Spanish mission
was located near
San Francisco.

Location In
which direction
would a traveler
leaving Mexico
City journey to
reach San
Diego?
A traveler
leaving
Mexico City
to journey to
San Diego would
travel northwest.
Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.
Juana Inés de la Cruz was an unusual woman because she was
famous as a
A writer.
B prince.
C farmer.
D warrior.
Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that don’t make sense. For

instance, a woman could not be a prince, so B could not be the
correct answer.

After what explorer is the Pacific end of the
Panama Canal named?
It is named after Vasco Núñez de Balboa.

Explore online information about the topics introduced
in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events
information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Geography Drawings of sea monsters appeared on
many maps of this era. Tales of bizarre monsters
enlivened the study of geography during Columbus’s
time. For many sailors, these monsters represented real
threats and were more than flights of fancy. Sciapodes
were monsters that had only one giant foot yet could
walk amazingly fast. Monoculars were giants with a
single eye in the middle of their forehead, and they ate
only meat and raw fish. The cynocephalus were very
intelligent and gifted with great intuition.
Economics During the Age of Exploration, European
nations believed that their power, and ultimately their
survival, depended on their acquisition of wealth. This
national economic purpose, known as mercantilism,
fueled not only exploration but also colonization.
European nations considered their colonies as sources
of raw materials, which were used to manufacture
goods.
Christopher Columbus
The Niña, Pinta, and Santa María
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Christopher Columbus never referred to himself as
Columbus, a name found today on cities and buildings
across America. Later in life he preferred to be called
Cristóbel Colón.
Columbus’s largest ship, the Santa María, hit a reef off
the coast of Haiti, destroying the ship. Columbus sailed
home on the Niña, with the Pinta following behind. A
storm west of the Azores separated the two boats. Later
the Niña encountered another large storm, ripping off its
sails and forcing the boat to dock in Lisbon. The Niña
finally reached its home port of Palos on March 15, 1493.
The Pinta arrived later that day.
Eric the Red The Vikings told long tales, or sagas,
about their adventures. One of the most popular sagas is
about Eric the Red, who lived in Iceland. He led a
sailing expedition that found a rich and fertile land he
called Greenland. Eric the Red settled there with his
family. While there, his wife gave birth to a son they
named Leif. Other Viking sagas call Eric the Red’s son
“Leif the Lucky” because Leif found a new land he
called Vinland. Scholars believe Vinland was present-
day Newfoundland.
Florida’s Flowers Ponce de León landed in present-day
North America during Easter, which Spaniards also
referred to as the Feast of Flowers. He called this land of
luxuriant vegetation Pasqua Florida, meaning Feast of
Flowers. The name was later shortened to Florida.
Spanish Galleon
In the late 1500s and early

1600s, Spanish galleons carried
gold and silver from the West
Indies to Spain. That’s not all
these ships carried, however.
The threat of pirates prompted
the Spanish galleons to carry
weapons as part of their cargo.
This feature can be found on page 45 of your textbook.

Spanish Galleon
1 Two or three sails 1 mainma

on the foremast and st 1 forema
mainmast allowed st
the ship to “catch
the wind.” 3 Crow's
2 sterncastl nest
e
5 hol
d 4 ballas
This feature can be found on page 45 of your textbook. Click the
t
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Spanish Galleon
2 Elaborate living 1 mainma

quarters for the st 1
captain were placed forema
st
within the high
sterncastle. The rest 3 Crow's
of the crew slept on 2 sterncastl nest
the deck. e
5 hol
d 4 ballas
t
Spanish Galleon
3 Strong hands were 1 mainma

needed to climb the st 1
rigging into the forema
st
crow’s nest, or
lookout platform. 3 Crow's
2 sterncastl nest
e
5 hol
d 4 ballas
t
Spanish Galleon
4 Stones and bricks 1 mainma

provided ballast to st
1
keep the ship from forema
tipping over. These st
stones would be 3
replaced with Crow's
2 nest
cargo in the sterncastl
Americas. Many e
colonial streets and
sidewalks were 5
paved with ballast hol
d 4 ballas
stones. t
Spanish Galleon
5 Food and water were 1 mainma

stored in the hold. st 1 forema
st
3 Crow's
2 sterncastl nest
e
5 hol
d 4 ballas
t
Reading a Time Line
Why Learn This Skill?

Knowing the relationship of time to events is important in
studying history. A time line is a visual way to show
chronological order within a time period. Most time lines
are divided into sections representing equal time
intervals. For example, a time line showing 1,000 years
might be divided into ten 100-year sections. Each event
on a time line appears beside the date when the event took
place.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Reading a Time Line
Learning the Skill

To read a time line, follow these steps: 
• Find the dates on the opposite ends of the time line to know the
time span. Also note the intervals between dates on the time line.

• Study the order of events. 
• Analyze relationships among events or look for trends.

Reading a Time Line
Practicing the Skill

Analyze the time line of Magellan’s voyage below. Use it to answer
the questions that follow.

Reading a Time Line

1. What time span is represented?
The span from 1480 to the 1520s is represented.
2. How many years do each of the sections represent?

Each section represents 10 years.

mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reading a Time Line

3. Did Magellan’s voyage to the Spice Islands occur before or
after his voyage to the Philippines?
His voyage to the Spice Islands occurred before his voyage
to the Philippines.
4. How long did Magellan’s voyage around the world take?

Magellan’s voyage around the world took 3 years.

mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Exploring the Americas
Objectives
After viewing “Exploring the Americas,” you should: 
• Know that St. Augustine, Florida, was the first permanent

settlement in America. 
• Understand that the Spanish
and French fought for ownership
of the land. 
• Recognize that Native American
inhabitants were either enslaved
or killed.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
Discussion Question
Why was Spain interested in Florida?
The Spanish thought they would find riches in

Florida, and they wanted to use Florida’s Gulf
Stream waters as treasure lanes–the routes their
ships would take on their way back home.

Discussion Question
What skills did the Indians teach the settlers?
The Indians taught the settlers how to hunt,

make fire with moss, grow new crops such as
corn, and make food from their crops.

They both have Paradise at the top, Asia below Paradise, Europe to the
left, Africa to the right, and they both include the Mediterranean Sea.
Native Americans and African Americans

End of Custom Shows
WARNING! Do Not Remove
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return to the main presentation.

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• Understand Columbus’s plan for sailing to Asia.

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• how great civilizations flourished in Africa.

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• It encouraged Europeans to pursue new ideas

Why do you think Western European explorers

Why was it necessary for monarchs to work at

Possible answer: Countries wanted to appear

How does modern technology make our lives

Why did great empires arise in Africa?

The resources of the land, the trade with

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Possible answers: Mapmakers refined their

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The Islamic religion spread to the early

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Italy’s prosperity enabled citizens to pursue an

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The earliest trading kingdom was Ghana. The

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• about Columbus’s plan for sailing to Asia.

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Why do you think the Portuguese began

• The Vikings reached North America and

• The treaty moved the line farther west so that

Why did European explorers attempt these

Possible answer: European explorers

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The first Europeans to reach the Americas were

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Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of

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Native Americans lived in the Americas before

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Verrazano made his voyage in 1524. He sailed

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• The invaders also received the help of the

What personality traits do you think the

• Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled

What similarities do you see between these

Possible answer: Both share the ideas of

• As a result, Spain passed the New Laws

Why do you think the social class system

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Spain established pueblos: centers for trade;

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The class system in Spanish America was made

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The conquistadors planned to serve “God