Power Transformer Non-Linear

Characteristic Modeling
Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros

Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte

Advisor: Prof. Dr. Flavio Bezerra Costa

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 1

 Summary
Power transformer and its utmost importance
Power transformer circuit model description
Ideal model
Real model
Power transformer non-linear modeling
Inrush currents: concepts and features
Power transformer non-linear modeling - ATP
SATURA
HYSDAT
Power transformer differential protection challenges

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 2

 Power transformers and its utmost importance
Interconnect electrical
subsystems
Generation
Transmission
Distribution

Failure problems
Expensive maintenance
(high commercial cost)
Temporary lack of
energy (fines)
Risks to the human life

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 3

 Power transformer circuit model description
Ideal model

Figure: An ideal single-phase transformer coupled to a load

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 Power transformer circuit model description
Real model

Figure: A real single-phase transformer modeling

Ideal transformer
Winding losses
The non-linear modeling
08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 5
 Power transformer non-linear modeling
Hysteresis loop

Figure: Relative permeability versus

Figure: B-H curve of a typical the magnetic field intensity
power transformer
𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻
𝐿∝𝜇

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 6

 Inrush currents: concepts and features
Causes
Transformer energization
Voltage recovery after the clearance of an external fault
Energization of a transformer in parallel with a transformer that is
already in service

Figure: Single-phase unloaded transformer equivalent

circuit during transformer energization

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 7

 Inrush currents: concepts and features
Magnetizing inrush current
Magnetic conditions of the
core: intensity and polarity of
the residual flux
Voltage angle at the
switching time

1
𝜑 = න 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝑁
𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻
𝐿∝𝜇

Figure: Magnetizing voltage, core flux, and magnetizing

current relationship in a power transformer

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 8

 Inrush currents: concepts and features
Characteristics
DC offset, odd harmonics,
and even harmonics
Unipolar or bipolar pulses
separated by intervals of very
low current values
(dwell-time intervals)
Time constant usually
greater than that observed
in fault currents
High second-harmonic
content

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 9

 Power transformer non-linear modeling - ATP
Satura
Provides the flow-current saturation curve for pairs of values of
RMS voltage and current supplied (SATURATION). This routine
neglects residual flux.
Hysdat
Provides the current-flux hysteresis curve for elements that have
residual flux (HYSTERESIS)

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 10

 Power transformer non-linear modeling - ATP
Satura vs. Hysdat

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 11

 Power transformer differential protection challenges

Ability to discriminate inrush currents from internal fault

currents (Safety vs. reliability)
Traditional methods based on the harmonic content of the
differential current
High second-harmonic content – inrush current
Low second-harmonic content – fault current
Problem: New designs of the transformer ferromagnetic core
(Low second-harmonic content of the inrush currents)

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 12

 Bibliography

A. Guzman, S. Zocholl, G. Benmouyal, and H. Altuve, “A

current-based solution for transformer differential protection-
part I: problem statement,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16,
no. 4, 2002.
S. Hodder, B. Kasztenny, N. Fischer, and Y. Xia, “Low second-
harmonic content in transformer inrush currents - analysis and
practical solutions for protection security,” in 67th Annual
Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, March 2014, pp.
705–722.
C. Ferreira, "Transient in electrical power systems," UNIFEI,
December 2012.

08/04/2017 Rodrigo Prado de Medeiros ProRedes - UFRN 13

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