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Process Engineering A
Fluid Mechanics
Topic 1
Fluid Statics
Separation
- r
Repulsion
Ice melts to a liquid at 0oC and boils into a gas at 100oC. This
is the effect of KE disrupting binding-pair formation.
April 2016 v3 B48BB © Heriot-Watt University 7
Solid and Fluid Behaviour
Consider a shearing force F and suppose an equal but
opposite force maintains the block in equilibrium:
equilibrium:
Force
F
The “area” for shear stress and pressure are different and
care is needed when identifying them.
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Fluid Viscosity
The SI unit of viscosity is the “pascal second” (Pa s) but
many books and lecturers use (N s/m2) or even (kg/m s).
The “pascal second” is defined as follows:
shown below:
z Ps
s
Px
y
x Py
• The fluid
The fluid is atis
restat
withrest withforces
no shearing no acting
shearing forces
on any face acting on any
of the elemental
y
Fx Px zy Ps zs 0
s
Px Ps
• Carryout the same force balance in the y-direction. At
static equilibrium all the forces must again sum to zero:
1
Fy Py xz 2 xyzg Ps cos zs 0
P1
h1
A h
mg
h2
P2
If the body of fluid is at rest, no shear stresses are acting, there is no
P2 P1 g (h2 h1 ) 0
• It is simpler to allow the difference in height between the
two levels to be represented just by h (m), so that the
above becomes
Where,
P = Pressure difference between any two vertical
points in a body of fluid (Pa) or (N/m2).
• Consider that pressure P2 is needed at any depth h
below the liquid surface:
P1 “1”
Surface
P2 P1 gh “2”
Deeper
A
mg acts vertically.
mg
Problem:
Solution:
• Write down the vertical hydrostatic pressure difference
between any two points:
Problem:
Consider the “U-tube” as shown below, filled with a single
fluid and each end open to the atmosphere.
Show that the pressure at any level in the left hand limb
must be the same as the pressure at a corresponding
height in the right hand limb:
• Point “1” and point “2” are both at
Point “1” and point “2”
are both at the same
P1 P2
the same level and correspond to
level.
liquid
Point “3” and level
point “4” in left and right limbs.
are both at the same
h level.
P3 P4
• Point “3” and point “4” are both at
the same level.
To find the pressure at point “3” apply equation (1.4) between point “1” and
April 2016 v3 B48BB © Heriot-Watt University 28
Example 1.3.2
Solution:
But, points “3” and “4” are the same depth from the
surface and must have the same pressure
P2
P1
2
h1 h2
1
A B
Problem:
Height h1 0.35 m P1
2
h1 h2
Height h2 0.75 m (above “B”) 1
A B
Solution:
• Write down the manometer equation where the LH
limb density is not negligible:
Problem:
Height h1 0.15 m
Solution:
• Derive the correct manometer equation for this application
where deflection is in opposite direction:
Or,
P1 P2 g 2 L sin 1h1
2r r 2 P
Problem:
Solution:
• Calculate the pressure and check that the units are correct:
LG
Water has high wettability to many
SL C SG surfaces (strongly “adhesive”). For the
same surfaces Hg is non-wetting.
SL C SG
h
(FWL)
The pressure that draws the liquid into the tube is known as the
capillary pressure PC (N/m2).
Patm Height
Pair Pwater Pair
Pc
Pwater
Patm Pressure
Pc
Pwater
Patm Pressure
(FWL) 2 cos
PC gh
r
Patm
Pressure needed for non-wetting
fluid (i.e., mercury) to enter tube
with this radius r :
2 cos
PC gh
r
• The fluid level in the tube will stay at the free surface
level, neither rising nor falling in the tube.