法则

原理
• Each of us is born with certain
characteristics特征 and traits.

• For example, a person may have ：

 double eyelids双眼皮 / single eyelids单眼皮
 high-bridged nose高鼻梁 / flat nose 扁平鼻梁
 dark skin / fair skin白皙皮肤.
 •The pair of genes may be the same
or different.

• A person who has 2 identical一样 genes

( DD or dd )for a characteristic is said to be
homozygous 同型结合的.

• A person with 2 different genes ( Dd ) is

said to be heterozygous 杂合的.
•A gene which shows its effect
whenever it is present is called a
dominant主要 gene.

•A gene whose effect can be

hidden被隐藏 by a dominant gene
is called a recessive次要 gene.
 TT Tall

T T

 T ( dominant gene ) = tall

 t ( recessive gene ) = short
 Tt Tall

T t

 T ( dominant gene ) = tall

 t ( recessive gene ) = short
 tt Short

t t

 T ( dominant gene ) = tall

 t ( recessive gene ) = short
Dominant trait Recessive trait

Unattached earlobes Attached earlobes

Dominant trait Recessive trait

Ability有能力 to roll卷 Inability没有能力 to

the tongue roll the tongue
 Dominant trait Recessive trait

Presence of dimples酒窝 Absence of dimples

Dominant trait Recessive trait

Albinism ( Inability to
produce skin pigment,
Normal skin colour
melanin )
 Dominant trait Recessive trait

Normal colour vision Colour-blindnes色盲

•Gregor Mendel ( 1822-1884 ) was the 1st
person who discovered the principles of
heredity.

•Gregor Mendel is known as the father of

genetic基因学之父.
•Monohybrid cross is a cross which is
carried out to study the inheritance of one
trait.

•The 1st batch of offspring from a cross is

called the first filial generation ( F1
generation ) of the cross.

•F1 generation self-pollination to produce

2nd generation, called the second filial
generation ( F2 generation ).
• Mendel’s first law states that the
characteristics of an organism are
determined by factor ( genes ) which exist
in pairs.

• Out of a pair of factors, only one can be

present in a gamete.
Mendel’s First Law

Parent : TT tt

T T t t
Gamete :

F1 generation : Tt Tt Tt Tt
Mendel’s First Law

F1 generation Tt Tt
( parent ) :

Gamete : T t T t

F2 generation : TT Tt Tt tt

Tall Short
3 : 1
•Genotype = genetic information of an
organism.

•Phenotype = characteristic that can be

observed in an organism.

•The genotype of an organism determined被决

定 the phenotype of the organism.

•Environmental factors 环 境 因 素 can also

affect the phenotype外表 of an organism.
1. Explain the difference between a dominant
gene and recessive gene.

2. In humans, the black iris is determined by

a dominant gene (B), while the blue iris is
determined by a recessive gene (b). What
iris colour would a person with the
following genotype have?
(a) BB
(b) Bb
(c) bB
(d) bb
3. Draw a schematic diagram to show the
cross between a man who is heterozygous
for black hair (Bb) and a woman with
blonde hair (bb).