A vein is a tabular body, or in the form of a

sheet, composed of minerals that have

been introduced into the rocks by a
diaclasa or fissure, or by systems of
diaclases and fissures. Most veins are of
igneous origin directly and indirectly,
although in certain circumstances cracks
may fill up as a result of sedimentary
processes. The veins are structures of
post-magmatic formation, mostly
hydrothermal. Minerals are crystallized
from an aquatic phase according to
temperature and pressure.
THE PLUTONIC OR INTRUSIVE
ROCKS

 They are formed from magmas that solidify

in deep areas of the interior of the Earth.

 They are composed of a set of minerals

crystallized, strongly linked together.

 They are coarse-grained (they are so called

when the crystals are large and can be seen
and measured with the naked eye)
Epithermal deposits are those in which the mineralization occurred within one to two
kilometers of depth from the earth's surface and was deposited from hot
hydrothermal fluids. Those with low sulphidation are reduced and have a pH close to
neutral.

Those of "low sulfur" are pH reduced and have a pH close to neutral and fluids of
"high sulfur", which are more oxidized and acidic. The terms of high and low
sulphidation were introduced by Hedenquist (1987) and refer to the oxidation state
of sulfur.
 Low Sulfurization High Sulfurization

Form of the The filons predominate in open Disseminated mineralizations

deposit fractures, stockwork type predominate, replacements are
mineralizations are frequent. frequent and filons are usually very
rare.

Textures Filons, filling of cavities, gaps. Replacement of embedding rocks,

breaches, filions.
Scheme of the structure,
processes and reactions
involved in the formation
of epithermal deposits of
low and high sulfuration,
and its relationship with
magmatic rocks as a
source of heat.
 Veins in Peru
Many of the deposits of precious and polymetallic metals in Peru occur as fill and replacement.
These deposits represent a great economic contribution. The depth of the mineralization could
reach 1000 m from the surface.

Patáz batholith
Conformed by veins which in turn have been
formed by fracture of traction, compression
and displacement.
The Giant is part of the orogenic deposits of
the ancient Pataz auriferous, metalotect that
has produced more than 15 million ounces of
gold and has an estimated resource of 40
million ounces, MARSA reaches a production
of 5 million ounces and has a resource of
more than 3 million ounces, which is why it is
located within the main and most important
orogenic deposits of Au in the region and the
world.