Introduction To Oracle

By

Lalit Jain
 What Is Data?
• Data Is A Collection Of Facts, Figures And Statistics
Related To An Object.
• Data Can Be Processed To Create Useful
Information.
• Data Is A Valuable Asset For An Organization.
• Data Can Be Used By The Managers To Perform
Effective And Successful Operations Of
Management.
• It Also Enables The User To Make Better Decision
For Future.
• Data Is Very Useful For Generating Reports, Graphs
And Statistics.
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 Example
• Students Fill An Admission Form When
They Get Admission In College.
• The Form Consists Of Raw Facts About
The Students.
• These Raw Facts Are Student's Name,
Father Name, Address Etc.
• The Purpose Of Collecting This Data Is To
Maintain The Records Of The Students
During Their Study Period In The College.
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 What is Information?

• The Manipulated And Processed Form Of

Data Is Called Information.
• It Is More Meaningful Than Data.
• It Is Used For Making Decisions.
• Data Is Used As Input For Processing And
Information I Output Of This Processing.

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 Example

• Data collected from census is used to generate

different type of information.
• The government can use it to determine the
literacy rate in the country.
• Government can use the information in
important decision to improve literacy rate.

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 What Is Database?

• Databases Are Designed To Offer An Organized Mechanism For

Storing, Managing And Retrieving Information.
• They Do So Through The Use Of Tables.(Example Excel Sheets).
• Database Tables:
– Database Tables Consist Of Columns And Rows.
– For Example, Imagine That We Were Building A
Database Table That Contained Names And
Telephone Numbers. We’d Probably Set Up
Columns Named “First Name”, “Last Name” And
“Telephone Number.”

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 Database Management System?

• A Database Management System

(DBMS) Is A Set Of Computer
Programs That Controls The
Creation, Maintenance, And The Use
Of A Database.

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 Concepts Of RDMS
• Relational Database Management System.
• It Is Used To Established Relationships Between The
Data In A Database To Ensure The Integrity Of The
Data.
• These Relationships Enable You To Prevent Users
From Entering Incorrect Data.
• The Data In RDBMS Is Stored In Database Objects
Called Tables.
• A Table Is A Collections Of Related Data Entries And
It Consists Of Columns And Rows.

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 DBMS v/s RDBMS

• NOTE: Though both deal with handling data(which

includes storing,deleting,retrieving,inserting and updating
data).
• The difference is that in DBMS, the data however large ,
is stored in a single table.
• Whereas in Rdbms the data that is to be stored is split
appropriately into many tables.
• A common database name and these different tables
dealing with the same type of data are related to each
other by defining certain relations(so the name 'R'dbms
i.e. relational).

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 EXAMPLE

• Consider The Database To Store Student Records.

• In DBMS,all details like name,roll,marks,street,city,state,
phone will be stored in a single table.
• But in Rdbms ,the database is splitted something like the
name,marks,roll under the 'student details' table.
• And the street,city,state,phone under the 'Contacts'
table.
• Any information to be obtained is done by the properly
relating the 'student details‘ and 'contacts' tables.
• DBMS offers a very limited scope for data retrieval using
queries when compared to Rdbms.

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 EXAMPLE

• DBMS Example:
• Oracle
• DB2
• SQL Server
• Access

• RDMS EXAMPLE:
• Oracle
• DB2
• SQL Server
• Access

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 Define Normalization

• Normalization Is The Process Of Designing A

Data Model To Efficiently Store Data In A
Database.

• The End Result Is That Redundant Data Is

Eliminated, And Only Data Related To The
Attribute Is Stored Within The Table.

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 Advantages Of Normalization

• Smaller Database:
– By Eliminating Duplicate Data, You Will Be Able
To Reduce The Overall Size Of The Database.
• Better Performance:
– Narrow Tables: Having More Fine-tuned Tables
Allows Your Tables To Have Less Columns And
Allows You To Fit More Records Per Data Page.
– Fewer Indexes Per Table Mean Faster
Maintenance Tasks Such As Index Rebuilds.
– Only Join Tables That You Need.
•
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 Disadvantages Of Normalization

• More Tables To Join:

– By Spreading Out Your Data Into More Tables,
You Increase The Need To Join Tables.
• Tables Contain Codes Instead Of Real Data:
– Repeated Data Is Stored As Codes Rather Than
Meaningful Data. Therefore, There Is Always A
Need To Go To The Lookup Table For The Value.
• Data Model Is Difficult To Query Against:
– The Data Model Is Optimized For Applications,
Not For Ad Hoc Querying.

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 Normalization Rules
• There Are Various Types Of Normalization
Rules Defined Which As Followed:-

– First Normal Form(1NF)

– Second Normal Form(2NF)

– Third Normal Form(3NF)

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 First Normal Form(1NF)
• This Is The "Basic" Level Of Normalization And
Generally Corresponds To The Definition Of Any
Database, Namely:
– It Contains Two-dimensional Tables With Rows And
Columns.

– Each Row Represents A Unique Instance (That Is, No

Duplicate Rows Are Possible).

– All Entries In Any Column Must Be Of The Same

Kind.

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 Example On 1NF
• Table Not In 1NF State:
• Table Name: Software_Details

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
1 Word

2 Access, Word, Excel

3 Word , Excel

• Eliminate Repeating Groups. This Table Contains

Repeating Groups Of Data In The Software Column.

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 Solution
• To Follow The First Normal Form, We Store One
Type Of Software For Each Record.
• Table Name: Software_Details
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
1 Word

2 Access

2 Word

2 Excel

3 Word

3 Excel

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 Second Normal Form(2NF)

• A Table Is Said To Be In 2NF If It Is In 1NF And There

Are No Partial Dependencies
• I.E. Every Non Primary Key Attribute Of The Table Is
Fully Functionally Dependent On The Primary Key.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
1 Word
2 Access
2 Word

2 Excel

3 Word

3 Excel

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 Solution
• To Eliminate The Redundant Storage Of Data, We Create Two
Tables. The First Table Stores A Reference Softwareid To Our
New Table That Has A Unique List Of Software Titles.
• Table : Software_Details Table: SoftwareId_Details
COMPUTER SOFTWAREID SOFTWAREID SOFTWARE
1 1 1 Word
2 2 2 Access
2 1 3 Excel

2 3

3 1

3 3

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 Third Normal Form(3NF)

• Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key Plus 1NF And

2NF.

• Table: Details
Computer UserName UserHireDate Purchased

1 Lalit 4/1/2000 5/1/2003

2 Suresh 9/5/2003 6/15/2004

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 Solution
Table:Computer_Purchased
Computer Purchased

1 5/1/2003
2 6/15/2004

Table:User_Details Table:Computer_Details
UserHire User Computer
User UserName
Date
1 5/1/2003
1 Lalit 4/1/2000
2 6/15/2004

2 Suresh 9/5/2003

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 Denormalization

• Denormalization Is The Process Of Attempting To

Optimize The Performance Of A Database By
Adding Redundant Data Or By Grouping Data.

• In Some Cases, Denormalization Helps Cover Up

The Inefficiencies Inherent In Relational Database
Software.

• A Relational Normalized Database Imposes A

Heavy Access Load Over Physical Storage Of Data
Even If It Is Well Tuned For High Performance.
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Thank You

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