Frequency Regulation Contribution

Through Variable-Speed Wind

Energy Conversion Systems

Dr. Sabita Chaine

Department of Electrical Engineering, CET
Bhubaneswar, India
 Contents:
Backgrounds & motivation

Effect of wind generation on power system

Wind turbine level control

Dynamic model for AGC studies with DFIG-

based wind turbines

Simulation Result
 Concept of frequency using Analogy of Water Level
in a Container

Frequency range following

Generation the sudden loss of generation

Frequency range during

normal operation
50.02

50.01
Frequenc
Frequenc 50.02
49.98 y Control
50
y Control 50
49.99 49.90 Action
Actions 49.98 49.80
59.75
59.70

Load
But with the ever increasing of wind power, the impacts are :
wind randomness frequency change of
penetration in and variation value of the
a system fluctuation of of power machine X
wind power system and S.

power disconnects
system the wind
oscillations park

back-to-back DC voltage variations in

power bus creates an ‘f’ are apparent
electronic electrical not seen by inertia
converters decoupling the generator decreases
rotor

frequency
change

reserve
wind displacing sources of management
generation thermal reserve by the
plant available conventional
plants
 Increasing wind power penetration
Problems Wind turbines provide small or even no response to
frequency change

Wind turbine level

3-level frequency control Wind farm level
Methods
Power system level

Primary control <30s, automatic, local

Secondary control 30s~30min,artificially or by AGC,
global
Tertiary control (economic dispatch)
Principle of DFIG Inertial Emulation Control:
 wmax
Kwp
__ __
1
    
PNC , ref
 2 sH e __ 1
__ K wi
__ R
PNC
wmin
 s

w *
1
1  sT a Tw
1 sTw

[ DFIG MODEL ]  P NC
1
1  sTr

f
 PD1
1 1
R1


ACE1
 
K11
 1 1 1  sTr1K r1  K p1
  1  sTg1 1  sTt1 1  sTr1 1  ST p1

s
 
governor turbine reheater
2π T12 
a 12 a 12
S 

governor turbine reheater
  K12  1  sTr2K r2   K p2
 s
1
1  sTg2
1
1  STp2
  1  sTt2 1  sTr2
ACE2 
1
PD2
2 R2
Simulation parameters:
Symbol Description Value

He Equivalent WECS inertia 3.5s

Washout filter time 6.0s

Tw constant
TR Frequency transducer time 0.1s
constant
TA Controlled WECS time 0.2s
constant
Communication time 0.2s
Tc constant
WECS output power limits 0.0/1.2pu

Integral output limit -1.0/1.0

Equivalent WECS speed 0.8/1.2

limits
Symbol Description Value
H Inertia constant 5s
R Regulation droop 2.4
D 0.00833 pu.MW/Hz
β 0.425 pu.MW/Hz
Ki
Sensitivity analysis :
• In this section the sensitivities of gains Ki, Kwp,
Kwi, Kpf, Kpi with respect to weighted objective
function ‘F’are calculated.
•
• The weighted objective function is
•
F  0.5  ( ISE  IAE  ITAE  ITSE  Ts)
Inertial Control Simulations :
Linear programming

• In this section the most sensitive gains are optimized by

linear programming optimization technique. The
optimized gains are given

Ki Kpf Kdf
1.1116 0.7157 0.5592
Figure 1: Power system model with
nonconventional generation.
 •Change in droop setting of generating units

R
R LP 
(1  L P )
•Change in system inertia constant with frequency support

H eq.LP  H eq (1  L P )  H WTL P
 inertial contribution HWT from the DFIG
T D
 d  2H eq (1  L P )
H WT  ln X
2L P

Td D

2 H eq (1 L P )  Pe L P  Pe L P
Xe 1   
 PL  PL
Td= time delay at which minimum frequency deviation occurs
after the disturbance
t G,SS
Td  TG   TX
2
time delay associated with valve motion
 
t G ,SS  
D
 H eq R 1  
2  1 
  D 
 R 
Parameters taken:
Symbol Description Value

Lp wind penetration level 0.2

ΔPe active power support by 0.015

utilizing its rotational
energy stored in turbine
blades
ΔPL Step load change 0.02

TG governor time constant 0.03s

Tx time delay associated 1.55s

with turbine response
H Inertia constant 5

R Regulation droop 2.4

D 0.00833 pu.MW/Hz
 TABLE 1: Change in regulation for thermal
generating units and system inertia with
different wind penetration by DFIG.

Different wind percentage

0% 10% 20% 50%

Thermal- R 2.4 2.6667 3.0 4.8

DFIG
H 5 4.8669 4.7104 4.0153
Inertial control simplified layout:
Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO)
• In this section the most sensitive gains are optimized by
PSO technique. The optimized gains are given
• The objective function is

F  ITSE  Ts  1 / X
Ki Kpf Kdf

-0.6885 3.4910 1.2482

 0.02

0.01
Frequency deviation del f1

-0.01

-0.02

-0.03 dfig
no dfig
-0.04

-0.05

-0.06
0 5 10 15
Time in sec

Change in frequency of 1st area for 2% load change in 1st area.

 0.02

0.01
Frequency deviation del f2

-0.01

-0.02
dfig
-0.03 no dfig
-0.04

-0.05

-0.06
0 5 10 15
Time in sec
 -3
x 10
5

0
Tie line power dev.

-5
dfig
no dfig
-10

-15
0 5 10 15
Time in sec
 CONCLUSION
The presence of DFIG in the system gives less
frequency deviation as compared to presence
of a conventional generator. Frequency
control support function responding
proportionally to frequency deviation
successfully releases the kinetic energy of
wind turbine blades and emulates the hidden
inertia of DFIG.
Wind generation beyond 50% results into
disturbance in system & the response gives
more settling time. Therefore it is advice to
take 20% penetration level of the wind
generation giving best result.
REFERENCES:
 Lalor G, Ritchie J, Rourke S, Flynn D, O’Malley M. “Dynamic frequency
control with increasing wind generation.” In: Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc.
General Meeting, Jun. 6 - 10, 2004.

 Ekanayake J, Jenkins N. Comparison of the response of doubly fed and

fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network
frequency.IEEE Trans Energy Convers Dec. 2004;19(4):800 - 2.

 Mullane A, O’Malley M. The inertial response of induction machine based

wind turbines. IEEE Trans Power Syst Aug. 2005;20(3):1496 - 503.

 Anaya-Lara O, Hughes FM, Jenkins N, Strbac GProc Inst Elect Eng, Gen,
Transm, Distrib. Contribution of DFIG-based wind farms to power system
short-term frequency regulation Mar. 2006; vol. 153(2):164 - 70.

 Morren J, de Haan SWH, Kling WL, Ferreira JA. Wind turbines emulating
inertia and supporting primary frequency control. IEEE Trans Power Syst
Feb.2006; 21(1):433 - 4.
Cont..
Sun, Yuan-zhang, Zhao-sui Zhang, Guo-jie Li, and Jin
Lin. "Review on frequency control of power systems with
wind power penetration." In Power System Technology
(POWERCON), 2010 International Conference on, pp. 1-
8. IEEE, 2010.

Olle I Elgerd, Electric Energy Systems Theory:An

Introduction .. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, 1976.

Mauricio, Juan Manuel, Alejandro Marano, Antonio

Gómez-Expósito, and Jose Luis Martinez Ramos.
"Frequency regulation contribution through variable-
speed wind energy conversion systems." Power Systems,
IEEE Transactions on 24, no. 1 (2009): 173-180.
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questions, etc……..

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