CELL

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 Cell
the fundamental unit of life
All organisms are made of cells.
All cells come only from preexisting cells.
Cells are the smallest structural and
functional unit of organisms.
Throughout biology, cells are incredibly
diverse and highly specialized.

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 Sizes of Living Things
0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 mm 1 cm 0.1 m 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km

protein
chloroplast
plant and mouse rose
animal frog egg
amino cells
acid
virus
ostrich
most bacteria human egg ant egg
atom
blue whale
electron microscope human

light microscope

human eye

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Cells
2 types:
Prokaryotic cell
Bacteria

Eukaryotic cell
All cells except
Bacteria

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 Cells
•All cells consist 2
compartments:

•Plasma Membrane
(Cell Membrane)

•Cytoplasm
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 Plasma Membrane
• an outer membrane or a barrier of a cell
• composed of phospholipid bilayer
• protects and regulate the movement of
molecules across the cell
protein molecule on the membrane

Phospholipid bilayer

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 Cytoplasm
•an aqueous material
contained within the
plasma membrane of
a cell

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 Prokaryotic Cell
• lacks membrane-bound organelles
• structurally smaller and simpler
than Eukaryotic cells
• Cell Envelope includes:
• Plasma membrane
• Cell wall – composed of
peptidoglycan

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Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell

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 Eukaryotic Cells
• Much larger and more complex than
prokaryotic cells
• Cells contain membrane-bound organelles

• 2 types:
• Plants
• Animals
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 Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized.
They contain small,
membrane-bound
structures called
organelles.
Perform specific
functions in the
cell 11
Animal Cell

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Plant Cell

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 Nucleus
nuclear
envelope

nucleolus

Nuclear envelope: nuclear

inner membrane pore
outer membrane chromatin
nucleoplasm
nuclear pore

phospholipid

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 Nucleus
Command center of cell
3 components of the nucleus:
Nuclear envelope (or Nuclear
Membrane)
Contains nuclear pores that allows
exchange of molecules

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 Nucleus
Nucleolus
Gives the dark color of the nucleus under
the microscope
Composed of RNA
Production site of ribosome
Ribosomes aide in the production of
proteins.
Chromatin
Contains DNA of genes, and proteins
Condenses to form chromosomes
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Mitochondrion

a. 200 nm
outer
membrane cristae matrix
double
inner
membrane
membrane

b.

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 Energy-Related Organelle:

Mitochondrion
• bounded by a double membrane

• also known as the Powerhouse

• site of Cellular Respiration

• produce energy (ATP) utilized by the cell

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Chloroplast

a. 500 nm

outer thylakoid
membrane grana space stroma thylakoid membrane
double inner
membrane membrane

b.

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 Energy-Related Organelle:
Chloroplast
•bounded by double membrane
•only found in plant cells
•site of Photosynthesis

•captures light energy to synthesize

carbohydrates

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 types:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
ribosomes nuclear envelope

rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

0.08 m

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• A system of membrane channels and sacules (flattened
vesicles) continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear
membrane

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

• Studded with ribosomes on surface of the
membrane
• Site production of proteins
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
• No ribosomes
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• Site production of lipids
 Golgi
Apparatus
•Consists of 3-
20 flattened,
curved sacules
•Resembles
stack of
hollow
pancakes

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 Golgi Apparatus

• Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins into

vesicles that go to various cell destinations
• Receives vesicles from ER
• Packages them in vesicles and prepares to
transport
• Within cell
• Export from cell
• Example: Glycoprotein
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 Lysosome
• membrane-bound vesicle
• only found in animal cells
• contain powerful
digestive enzymes
• Removes and degrades
nonfunctional organelles or
the cell itself
• Recycling of cellular
resources
• Apoptosis = programmed
cell death 25
 Cell Wall
•outer membrane or
barrier that protects the
cell

•only found in plants of

Eukaryotic cells
•also found in bacteria

•composed of cellulose
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