Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DC Circuits
DC circuit usually consist of
- A DC power supply
- A load (resistor, capacitor and inductor) or
combination loads
- A switch Battery
3
- RESISTOR COLOR CODES
4
Series Wiring
There are many circuits in which more than one device is connected to
a voltage source.
Series wiring means that the devices are connected in such a way
that there is the same electric current through each device.
devices
resistor
Series resistors RS R1 R2 R3
20.6 Series Wiring
6Ω + 3Ω
The two parallel pipe sections are equivalent to a single pipe of the
same length and same total cross sectional area.
20.7 Parallel Wiring
V V 1 1 1
I I1 I 2
V V
R1 R2 R1 R2 RP
Parallel Resistors
1 1 1 1
Req R1 R2 R3
20.7 Parallel Wiring
Req
1 1 1 3
(a) Req 2.67
Req 8.00 4.00 8.00
Vrm s 6.00 V
(b) I rm s 2.25 A
Req 2.67
20.7 Parallel Wiring
eq
Parallel capacitors CP C1 C2 C3
eq
20.12 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
eq *** Charges
are equal
for series
capacitor
qeq = q1= q2
qeq 1 1
qeq
V V1 V2 qeq
C1 C2 C1 C2
1 1 1 1
Series capacitors
Ceq C1 C2 C3
Example 1:
Two capacitors, C1= 10.0 μF and C2= 2.5 μF are connected in
series with a 12.0 V battery. Find (i) the value of the
equivalent capacitance of the combination and (ii) the charge
on each capacitor and the voltage across each.
(i) the value of the equivalent capacitance
1 1 1
C C C
eq 1 2
1 1 1
C 10x10 -6 2.5x10 -6
eq
1
0.5 x 106
C
eq
C 2x10 -6 Farad
eq
ii) The charge on each capacitor
1 1 1 1 1
V Qeq ( ) But ( )
C1 C2 C1 C2 Ceq
1
V Qeq
Ceq
V2 = 12 – 2.4 = 9.6 V
Example 2:
Two capacitors, C1= 2 μF and C2= 8 μF are connected in
parallel, and the resulting combination is connected to a 9V
battery. Find (i) the value of the equivalent capacitance of the
combination and (ii) the charge on each capacitor and the
voltage across each capacitor.
23
Example 3:
(a) The equivalent capacitance of three capacitors in figure
below is 2.77 µF What is the value of C2?
C2 2 x 10 -6 9 x 10 -6
C2 9 x 10 -6 2 x 10 -6
7.1 x 10 -6 F
25
b) Given the value of capacitor is 240 x10-12F, d= 0.2 x10-3m and Q =
40 x 10-9 C
0 8.85 10 12 C 2 N 1m 2
i) Area of plate A
A
C chapter 3
d
Cd
A
o
240 x 10- 12 x 0.2 x 10 -3
8.85 x 10 - 12
5.42 x 10 -3 m 2
ii) the potential difference between the plates
Q
C
V
Q A o
V d
Qd
V
A o
-9 -3
40 x 10 x 0.2 x10
-3 -12
5.42 x 10 x 8.85 x 10
166.8V
27
iii) the electric field between the plates
Capacitor charging
q qo 1 e t RC
time constant
RC
Time for fully charge
capacitor
20.13 RC Circuits
Capacitor discharging
q qo e t RC
time constant
RC
Time for fully
dicharge capacitor
Example 1:
A 20 µF capacitor is connected to a 45 V battery through a
circuit whose resistance is 2000Ω.
(b) How long does it take for the charge to reach 63 percent
of its final value?
Q = CV
= 20 x 10-6 x 45 = 9 x 10-4 C
(b) How long does it take for the charge to reach 63 percent of its final
value?
Terminal
voltage
ε
Emf
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
Within a battery, a chemical reaction occurs that transfers
recall electrons from one terminal to another terminal.
a
b
Ԑ
r
a b Vab: Potential difference (PD)
r : internal resistance
ε : electromotive force
Unit for ε and PD: Volt (V)
Example 1:
A 65.0-Ω resistor is connected to the terminals of a
battery whose emf is 12.0 V and whose internal
resistance is 0.5 Ω. Calculate
(a) the current in the circuit and,
(b) the terminal voltage of the battery, Vab.
Solution:
(a) Given R = 65.0-Ω ; emf = 12.0 V and r = 0.5 Ω
V Ir But V IR
IR Ir
12
Therefore I 0.18 A
Rr 65 0.5
(b) Terminal voltage Vab = є – Ir
= 12 – (0.18 x 0.5)
= 11.91V
Example 2:
V 2.77
a) R 0.92
I 3.0
b)
V Ir
V 3.04 2.77
r 0.09
I 3
20.10 Kirchhoff’s Rules
V = IR1 + IR2
=12V = 2 x 5 + 2 x1
= 10V + 2V
= 12V
20.10 Kirchhoff’s Rules
KIRCHHOFF’S RULES
Junction rule.
The sum of the magnitudes of the
currents directed into a junction equals
Out
the sum of the magnitudes of the
currents directed out of a junction. Out
I I
in out
In
I1 I1 I1
I2
I2 I2
I3 I3 I3
Example
Calculate the value of I2 and I4
I4
I1=19A I3=10A
I2 I5=10A
Example
I4 (In)
(In) (Out)
I1=19A I3=10A
I3=10A
(In)
I5=15A (Out)
(Out) I2
I 1 = I2 + I3 I3 + I4 = I5
I2 = I1 - I3 = 19 – 10 I4 = I5 - I3 = 15 – 10
I2 = 9A I2 = 5A
Loop rule. Around any closed circuit loop, the
sum of the potential drops equals the sum of the
potential rises.
R1 R2
V1 V2
V IR
V1 V2 IR 1 IR 2
20.10 Kirchhoff’s Rules
V8
V IR
24 V I 12 6.0 V I 8.0
potentialrises potentialdrops
I 0.90 A
20.10 Kirchhoff’s Rules
20.10 Kirchhoff’s Rules
Reasoning Strategy
1. Draw the current in each branch of the circuit. Choose any direction.
If your choice is incorrect, the value obtained for the current will turn out
to be a negative number.
2. Mark each resistor with a + at one end and a – at the other end in a way
that is consistent with your choice for current direction in step 1. Outside a
battery, conventional current is always directed from a higher potential (the
end marked +) to a lower potential (the end marked -).
3. Apply the junction rule and the loop rule to the circuit, obtaining in the process
as many independent equations as there are unknown variables.
Loop I
Loop II
Solution
Junction Rules
I in I out
I A I B I H
I B I HI A (1)
Loop I
V IR Loop I
12 0.01I B 1.2 I H
12 0.01( I H I A ) 1.2 I H
12 0.01I H 0.01I A 1.2 I H
12 1.21I H 0.01I A
x by 100
1200 121I H I A (2)
Loop II
Loop II
Vexit IR
14 - 12 0.1I A 0.01I B
2 0.1I A 0.01( I H I A )
2 0.1I A 0.01I H 0.01I A
2 0.11I A 0.01I H
x by 100
200 - I H 11I A (3)
1200 121I H I A (2)
200 - I H 11I A (3)
1200 121I H I A (2)
11 x (2)
13 200 1331I H 11I A (4)
(3) (4)
13400 1330I H
13400
IH
1330
10.08A
I H into (3)
200 -10.08 11I A
11I A 210.08
I A 19.1A
I A and I H in (1)
IB I H I A
10.08 - 19.1
- 9.02A
Example
10Ω 20Ω
20V
10V 40Ω
I3
20V
10V I 40Ω II
Juntion Rule
ΣIin = ΣIout
I1 + I 2 = I 3
Loop I
∑Vexit=∑IR
10 = 10I1 + 40 I3
Loop II
∑Vexit=∑IR
20 = 20I2 + 40 I3
Solution Set 2
10Ω 20Ω
I11 I2
I3
20V
10V I 40Ω II
Juntion Rule
ΣIin = ΣIout
I1 + I 3 = I 2
Loop I
∑Vexit=∑IR
10 = 10I1 - 40 I3
Loop II
∑Vexit=∑IR
-20 = 20I2 + 40 I3
Solution Set 3
10Ω 20Ω
I11 I2
I3
20V
10V I 40Ω II
Juntion Rule
ΣIin = ΣIout
I3 = I 1 + I 2
Loop I
∑Vexit=∑IR
-10 = 10I1 + 40 I3
Loop II
∑Vexit=∑IR
-20 = 20I2 + 40 I3
Solution Set 4
10Ω 20Ω
I11 I2
I3
10V I 40Ω
II 20V
Juntion Rule
ΣIin = ΣIout
I2 = I 1 + I 3
Loop I
∑Vexit=∑IR
-10 = 10I1 - 40 I3
Loop II
∑Vexit=∑IR
20 = 20I2 + 40 I3
Solution Set 5
10Ω 20Ω
I11 I2
I3
10V
I 40Ω II 20V
Juntion Rule
ΣIin = ΣIout
I2 + I 3 = I 1
Loop I
∑Vexit=∑IR
-10 = 10I1 + 40 I3
Loop II
∑Vexit=∑IR
20 = 20I2 - 40 I3
Solution Set 6
10Ω 20Ω
I11 I2
I3
20V
10V 40Ω
Juntion Rule
ΣIin = ΣIout
I1 = I 2 + I 3
Loop I
∑Vexit=∑IR
10 = 10I1 + 40 I3
Loop II
∑Vexit=∑IR
-20 = 20I2 - 40 I3
Potentiometer, Wheatstone
bridge, balanced circuits
A. Potentiometer
When only two of the three terminals are used, the potentiometer acts as
a type of variable resistor called a rheostat.
a) Measure potential differences
Fig shows a potentiometer which consists of
a uniform slide wire AB of length 1.0m long.
Vαl
S
E o
lo
l
lo 1
A graph of against is plotted as in fig. From graph
l R
lo 1 1
0 then
l R r
B
APPLICATION
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
5.2. Wheatstone Bridge
R4 R3
R2 R1
R 2 R3
R4
R1
Example
If a Wheatstone bridge, as shown in figure, nulls with
R1=1000 Ω, R2=842 Ω, and R3=500 Ω, find the value of
R4.
Solution
R 2 R3
Rx Rx
R1
Given R1=1000 Ω, R2=842 Ω, and R3=500
Ω,
842 x 500
R4
1000
421
85
APPLICATION
BALANCED CIRCUIT
An ammeter is an
instrument for measuring
electric current in amperes.
An ammeter must be
inserted into a circuit so
that the current passes
directly through it. It must
be connected in series with
the load
20.11 The Measurement of Current and Voltage
A voltmeter is an instrument
for measuring electric
potential in volts. To measure
the voltage between two
points in a circuit, a voltmeter
is connected between the
points (Connected in parallel
to the load).
Galvanometer
A dc galvanometer is an
instrument for detecting
small currents. The coil
of wire and pointer rotate
when there is a current in
the wire.
Converting Galvanometer into
Ammeter
The galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by
adding a shunt resistor parallel to the galvanometer
Galvanometer
Example
Galvanometer If a galvanometer with a full-scale
limit of 0.100 mA is to be used to
measure the current of 60.0 mA in a circuit
of 3 volt. Calculate the value of shunt
resistor must be added to convert into an
ammeter.
Solution
V IR
V 3
R -3
I 59.9 x 10
50.1
Converting Galvanometer into
Voltmeter
The galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by
adding a multiplier resistor in series with the
galvanometer so the is no flow of current through the
galvanometer
V
R G
I
R is the required resistance
V is the maximum voltage to be measured
I is the maximum permisible current
multiplier through the galvanomet er
resistor G is the resistance of the galvanomet er
Example
V
R G
I
10
-3
20
0.1 x10
100 x 10
3
20.13 RC Circuits
20.14 Safety and the Physiological Effects of Current