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Motivation
Problem Statement
Motivation
• Multiple Channels available in IEEE 802.11
– 3 channels in 802.11b
– 12 channels in 802.11a
1 1
defer 2
A B C D
Time
A
D
802.11 Distributed Coordination Function
RTS
A B C D
Time
A
RTS
B
D
802.11 Distributed Coordination Function
CTS
A B C D
NAV Time
A
RTS
B
CTS
C
SIFS
D
802.11 Distributed Coordination Function
DATA
A B C D
NAV Time
A
RTS DATA
B
CTS
C
SIFS NAV
D
802.11 Distributed Coordination Function
ACK
A B C D
NAV Time
A
RTS DATA
B
CTS ACK
C
SIFS NAV
D
802.11 Distributed Coordination Function
A B C D
NAV Time
A
RTS DATA
B
CTS ACK
C
Beacon
Time
A
C
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
802.11 Power Saving Mechanism
Beacon
ATIM Time
A
C
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
802.11 Power Saving Mechanism
Beacon
ATIM Time
A
B
ATIM-ACK
C
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
802.11 Power Saving Mechanism
Beacon
B
ATIM-ACK
C
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
802.11 Power Saving Mechanism
Beacon
B
ATIM-ACK
Doze Mode
C
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
802.11 Power Saving Mechanism
Beacon
B
ATIM-ACK ACK
Doze Mode
C
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Issues in Multi-Channel
Environment
Multi-Channel Hidden Terminal Problem
Hidden Terminal Problem
DATA
A B C
DATA
A B C
RTS
D A B C
A sends RTS
D overhears RTS and defers transmission
Solution: Virtual Carrier Sensing
CTS
D A B C
B sends CTS
C overhears CTS and defers transmission
Solution: Virtual Carrier Sensing
DATA
D A B C
A sends DATA to B
Solution: Virtual Carrier Sensing
RTS
D A B C
Channel 1
Channel 2
RTS
A B C
A sends RTS
Multi-Channel Hidden Terminals
Channel 1
Channel 2
CTS
A B C
B sends CTS
C does not hear CTS because C is listening on channel 2
Multi-Channel Hidden Terminals
Channel 1
Channel 2
DATA RTS
A B C
• Disadvantage
– Each host must have 2 transceivers
– Per-packet channel switching can be expensive
– Control channel bandwidth is an issue
• Too small: control channel becomes a bottleneck
• Too large: waste of bandwidth
• Optimal control channel bandwidth depends on traffic load,
but difficult to dynamically adapt
Protocol Description
A
Beacon
D
Time
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Channel Negotiation
Common Channel Selected Channel
ATIM-
ATIM RES(1)
A
Beacon
B
ATIM-
ACK(1)
D
Time
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Channel Negotiation
Common Channel Selected Channel
ATIM-
ATIM RES(1)
A
Beacon
B
ATIM-
ACK(1)
ATIM-
ACK(2)
C
D
ATIM ATIM- Time
RES(2)
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Channel Negotiation
Common Channel Selected Channel
ATIM-
ATIM RES(1) RTS DATA Channel 1
A
Beacon
Channel 1
B
ATIM- CTS ACK
ACK(1)
ATIM-
ACK(2) CTS ACK Channel 2
C
Channel 2
D
ATIM ATIM- RTS DATA Time
RES(2)
ATIM Window
Beacon Interval
Performance Evaluation
Simulation Model
Simulation Results
Simulation Model
• ns-2 simulator
• Transmission rate: 2Mbps
• Transmission range: 250m
• Traffic type: Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
• Beacon interval: 100ms
• Compared protocols
– 802.11: IEEE 802.11 single channel protocol
– DCA: Wu’s protocol
– MMAC: Proposed protocol
Wireless LAN - Throughput
Aggregate Throughput (Kbps)
2500 2500
MMAC MMAC
2000 2000
DCA
1500 1500
DCA
1000 1000
30 nodes 64 nodes
1500 2000
MMAC MMAC
1500
1000 DCA
DCA
1000
500
802.11 500
802.11
0 0
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
Packet arrival rate per flow (packets/sec) Packet arrival rate per flow (packets/sec)
3 channels 4 channels
Throughput of DCA and MMAC
(Wireless LAN)
Aggregate Throughput (Kbps)
4000 4000
6 channels
3000 3000
6 channels
2000 2000 2 channels
2 channels
1000 1000
802.11 802.11
0 0
Packet arrival rate per flow (packets/sec) Packet arrival rate per flow (packets/sec)
DCA MMAC
• MMAC
– ATIM window size significantly affects performance
– ATIM/ATIM-ACK/ATIM-RES exchanged once per flow per
beacon interval – reduced overhead
• Compared to packet-by-packet control packet exchange in DCA
– ATIM window size can be adapted to traffic load
Conclusion & Future Work
Conclusion
• MMAC requires a single transceiver per host to
work in multi-channel ad hoc networks
jso1@uiuc.edu