Muslim Space

MUSLIM
SPACE
Chapter III - Mosques
Prepared by: Purchia Jeda A. Pague

ARH4 – 08901
MASJID
/ˈməsjid,ˈmas-/
noun
• Arabic word for a mosque.
• a place of worship for followers of

Islam.
• literally means "place of

prostration" (in prayer)
Grand Mosque, Cotabato, Philippines
MASJID
• The older generations of Muslims used the word, “masjid”
interchangeably with the “langgal” to signify a place of worship.
• Masjid: Larger and more permanent, uses stone foundations and

is often near a river or body of water.
• Friday noon assembly prayers (with sermon) are held only within
the Masjid alongside with two important Muslim festivals.
MASJID
• In the Philippines, mosques were mainly constructed of wood
even until the end of the Pacific War.
• A big space with roofing enough to fit at least 40 (44 in Sulu)

worshippers; the number required to render a Friday
congregational prayer legitimate in accordance with the
parameters of the Shafi’l School of Jurispudence.
MASJID
• Though traditionally following a typical Islamic mosque, some of
the Philippine mosques’ characteristics are peculiar to the country:
1. Generally, the absence of a Sahn (wide enclosed courtyard

furnished with an ablution fountain) and instead a seating
area with benches is provided outside the mosque where
worshippers may sit and talk while waiting for the next prayer.
Sahn
The Mosque and Madrasa of Sultan Hassan
El-Darb El-Ahmar, Cairo Governorate, Egypt
MASJID
2. The mimbar/minbar (elevated pulpit) is not high unlike
those of in Africa and Western Asia; an elevated platform, a chair
or any similar furniture can replace and function as the mimbar
in some mosques.
3. Sometimes, the call to prayer is usually not done on

tall minarets , but inside the mosques.
In addition to making the
speaker visible to worshippers, Minbar and mihrab in the Sultan Minbar of the Molla Çelebi
the minbar helps to amplify the Hassan mosque in Cairo Mosque in Istanbul.
voice of the speaker.
A Mullah sounds the call to prayer Ivan Ilitch, The Loudspeaker in the A Mueddin Chanting the Call to
atop a minaret in Bukhara. Tower Prayer from a Gallery of the
Minaret of 'Isa (Jesus)"
MASJID
4. The hanging drums, variously called the Jabu-Jabu or Dabu-
Dabu, are beaten to summon the worshipper from afar to the
mosque; among the Yakan people, a bamboo drum is used for calling
people to worship.
The practice is discouraged by the Ulama (a body of religious

scholars and leaders who have jurisdiction over legal and social matters
of the people of Islam) because of its Jewish origin.
Scholars at an Abbasid library. Maranao Drum (Tabu) Maranao Drum
Maqamat of al-Hariri Illustration by
Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baghdad 1237
MASJID
5. Though minarets are common in Philippine mosque, they are
hardly functional unlike those in Middle East and in India; are reduced to
becoming decorative vertical appendages but still an essential iconic element
of the mosque.
6. Nowadays, a microphone is placed right beside the mosque where the imam
stands; this is the place where the azan (the Muslim call to ritual prayer,
typically made by a muezzin from the minaret of a mosque) is called.
MASJID
7. Presence of crescent and star ornament (hilal) that
surmount bulbous domes.
8. Use of Okir carvings, Oburak (Centaur), motifs and colorful

designs
Okir or okkil is the term for geometric and flowing designs
A blue sky with a dome on the background and an (often based on an elaborate leaf and vine pattern) and folk
Islamic crescent and star with a mosque top shot. motifs that can be usually found in Maranao and Muslim-
influenced artwork, especially in the southern Philippines,
and in some parts of Southeast Asia.
MASJID
9. The mosques of Lanao are unique for the presence of an
inverted jar (origin: Sung/Ming Dynasty) placed at the apex of a dome
(known locally as Obor-obor). This jar is considered posaka (heirloom)
by the Maranaos.
10. Some mosques have separate entrances for male and female
worshippers while others have a common for both.
A song dynasty
antique chinese
brown glazed
storage jar with
four lugs.
A song dynasty
antique chinese
temmoku brown
glazed stoneware
vase vessel
The mosque found in Pantar, on the left side of the road
right after crossing the bridge to Iligan City, has one.
A song dynasty antique
chinese brown glazed
storage jar with four lugs.
A song dynasty antique

chinese temmoku brown
glazed stoneware vase
vessel
Another mosque exemplifying the use of an Obor-obr or

Posaka.
MASJID
11. Inside the mosque, a white cloth is hung to segregate males
from female congregants; other mosques have a mezzanine-like
structure dedicated for female worship. Women usually stay at the back
of men during worship.
Women worshipping at the back of the men. Interior view of the Ottawa mosque with a mezzanine-like
structure dedicated for female worship.
MASJID
12. Was formerly a multi-tiered bamboo or wooden structure
reminiscient of a Chinese pagoda or a Javanese Temple.
13. Roof consists of three ascending layers of flared pyramidal roofs;

separated by gaps for ventilation and lighting purposes.
MASJID
14. Roof tiers are held aloft by four great columns in the center,
extending to outer columns for lower and wider roofs.
15. Centralized and vertical hierarchy: square plan with an addition

of a small section of porch area of the iwan which eases out from
the front of the mosque.
Multiple iwans and tiled domes of the 16th century Mir-i-Arab madressa, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
MASJID
16. Locally, the roof tiers may assume a three-tiered, five-tiered,
or even seven-tiered superstructure, decorated with pottery finials
at its pinnacle.
17. The multi-layered roof of a pagoda-style mosque is exemplified

by the oldest standing mosque in the Philippines found in
Tubig, Indangan, Simunul Islands, Tawi-Tawi.
A 1950s Lanao mosque combined the multi-tiered roof with an onion shaped roof.
SIMUNUL
MOSQUE
(Sheikh Karimul Makhdum Mosque)
Tubig, Indangan, Simunul Islands, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
• Oldest-standing Mosque in
the Philippines.
• Was built in 1380.
• Attributed to Sheikh Karimul

Makhdum (one of the first
Arab missionaries who brought
Islam to the Philippines.
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
• Square in plan with huge

posts at its corners.
• Had a main enclosure of

gabled roof made of
palm leaves; lower roof is
supported by smaller posts
with Okir carvings.
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
• Had undergone
modification and
reconstruction
• Floor area may have been

extended.
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
• Has four huge wooden

posts made of Ipil wood;
surfaces have been
decorated with Okir
reliefs.
• Okir reliefs are believed to

be authentic to the
original mosque.
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
Simunul Mosque, 1923 Simunul Mosque, 1975
• slightly elevated • Two-tiered pyramidal roof of iron sheets

• box-like structure • Slender minaret-like tower is capped by a bullet-shaped
• gabled roof made of palm. dome
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
• Renovated on 1982 to
commemorate 600 years of
Islam within the
Philippines.
• The Marcos government funded

the project as means to
appease the Filipino
Muslims (who were, at that
time, rebelling against the state). Contemporary Simunul Mosque
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
• Contemporary Simunul
Mosque now has a central
dome.
• Has a detached minaret

(recalls the stepped contours
of the minaret of the Samara
Mosque in Iraq). Contemporary Simunul Mosque
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
Minaret. View from Minaret. View from

the outside. the inside.
Contemporary Contemporary
Simunul Mosque Simunul Mosque
(Sheikh Karimul (Sheikh Karimul
Makhdum Mosque) Makhdum Mosque)
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
The Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq Minaret

The Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
• Interior walls are lavished

with Okir reliefs and
Koranic calligraphic
inscriptions.
• Only the four hardwood

post remain from the
original structure. Contemporary Simunul Mosque
SIMUNUL MOSQUE
• Officially known now as the:

Sheikh Karimul Makhdum
Mosque.
• Was declared by the Philippine

Gov’t. as a national shrine
through a bill approved by the
senate.
Contemporary Simunul Mosque
BAAB UR-
RAHMAN
MASJID
Maruhom Jalalodin in Gapa-o Balindong,
Taraka, Lanao.
BAAB UR-RAHMAN MASJID
Maruhom Jalalodin in Gapa-o Balindong, Taraka, Lanao.
• Also known as: Babo-Rahman Mosque

.
• Is the oldest mosque as asserted by
the Taraka people.
• Was constructed by Apo Balindog.
• “Babo”- Arabic word for “baab” ,

meaning door.
• “Rahma” - symbolically signifies “Door

of Mercy”.
BAAB UR-RAHMAN MASJID
Mainland Midanao
• In a sense, it is the first mosque

erected that symbolized the
conversion of the people to a new
faith.
• Other sources mention that the

mosque built in Bundi Alao in the
“inged” (township) of Ditsaan
(presently part of the Ditsaan-Ramain
municipality) as the pioneering
mosque in the area.
GOLDEN
MOSQUE
Islamic Center, Quiapo, Manila, Philippines
GOLDEN MOSQUE
• Was designed by Jorge Ramos.
• Stained glass panels by Antonio

Dumlao.
• Called such because of its gilded dome.
• Symbolizes the nation’s Islamic heritage

through a modernist interpretation of the
Maranao design motifs in geometric form.
GOLDEN MOSQUE
• Was sponsored by First Lady Imelda

R. Marcos in 1976 in anticipation of the
state visit of Libya’s strongman,
Muammar Khadafy.
• The state visit was actually cancelled but

the mosque remains to be the biggest
mosque in Metro Manila with a
maximum capacity of 3000 worshippers.
OTHER EXAMPLES
King Faisal Mosque, Mindanao State University, Blue Mosque, Maharlika Village, Taguig City,
Marawi City, Philippines Philippines
KING FAISAL MOSQUE
Mindanao State University, Marawi City, Philippines
King Faisal Mosque, Mindanao State University,

Marawi City, Philippines
BLUE MOSQUE
Blue Mosque, Maharlika Village, Taguig City, Philippines
Blue Mosque, Maharlika Village, Taguig City,

Philippines
THE
FIRST
MOSQUE
Mainland Mindanao
THE FIRST MOSQUE
Mainland Midanao
• First mosque to be constructed in 1515 in

mainland Mindanao.
• Construction was credited to Sharief

Kabungsuwan (founded the Sultanate of
Maguindanao).
• Islam proliferated in the areas of the Mindanao

through marriage alliances; adherence to Islamic
SHARIF KABUNGSUAN
faith led to the construction of mosques. First sultan of Maguindanao.
THE FIRST MOSQUE
Mainland Midanao
• The genesis of the first mosque can be traced back to oral

traditions.
• Two conflicting oral accounts claim the existence of the oldest
mosque in the area.
• Common ground on both oral traditions is the claim that the

first mosque built for the Maranaos was in Ditsaan; only
difference was in the architectural sponsorship.
NEW MOSQUE STYLE
• Bulbous dome also known as the onion-
shaped dome on squinches.
• Emerged as a result of exposure to

mosques in the Middle East in the course
of visiting the Mecca for Hajj.
• The bulbous dome was favored by the

Mugals who spread it in Persia, the Indian
sub-continent and Asia.
A 1950s Lanao mosque combined the multi-tiered
• A form of high-style Islamic Architecture.
roof with an onion shaped roof.
NEW MOSQUE STYLE
• Was allowed to interface with
indigenous mosque styles.
• Changes were introduced to localize the

Middle Eastern style in terms of
materials and methods of construction.
• The dome was eventually modified from

circular to octagonal in shape
because it was more convenient to
construct a polygonal dome than a
rounded one using wood materials.
A masjid in Bacolod, Lanao. (c.1910)
POST SECOND WORLD WAR
• Resurgence of Islam worldwide brought about an increase in the
number of mosques in the Mindanao and in the Sulu Archipelago.
• 54 mosques existed all over Mindanao before the war.

• Most of these mosques where generally plain and unadorned and made of
austere and temporary materials.
• Palm-leaf roofing was common; some built a small roof covering raised slightly
to form a clerestory (providing natural light and ventilation); this mimics
the numinous effect of the dome.
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• Existence of hundreds of mosques in many Muslim
communities around the Philippines.
• A large percentage are now built with permanent

materials.
• Are heavily inspired by the domed mosque styles from

West Asia and North Africa.
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• In the Philippines, the mosque is constructed with funds
derived from the annual contributions and other religious
and financial obligations collected from its followers.
• Designed and built as a symbol of their acceptance of

the Islamic faith.
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• Mosque as an architectural form has undergone numerous
changes but its main features have remained.
• symbolic value of the structure has been strengthened and

renewed in every new mosque.
• Stands as a religious edifice and political, social, and

cultural center for our Muslim brothers
CENTER OF ISLAMIC
INSTRUCTION
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• Mosques’ primary function is the provision of place for
public worship.
• Also possessed a secondary educational function (to

strengthen the bind between the Islamic religious and secular
thought.
• Literacy in Arabic was imperative for Islamic cohesion and

expansion.
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• Complexes that Muslims built would also include
schools.
• Private academies were later established by

communities in pursuit of intellectual
enrichment from private academies of Islamic
Jurisprudence.
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• The buildings they erected solely for teaching Koranic,
philosophical, and administrative laws are known as
madrasas (originating form Arabic “darasa” – meaning
“to read” or “to learn”.
• Madrasas are separate from, but adjacent to, the mosque;

includes classrooms and lodgings for both students and
teachers.
Bukhara divan begi madrasa inside view.
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• Origin of the Madrasa has been traced to the tenth-
century domestic courtyards in the Iranian province of
Khurasan.
• Serljuk rulers of Khurasan made education as a strategy to

return to basic Islamic ideology.
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• They pattered their mosques from the Khurasanian
cruciform house plan: a central courtyard with four
arched openings forming an axis-cross-axis design.
• Madrasa was introduced at the outset of the Islamization

process and continued to be a vital force in the
dissemination of Islamic doctrine.
MOSQUES OF TODAY
• As the Seljuk Empire expanded, it brought

along with it the classic madrasa type of
mosque to other parts of the Islamic world.
MUSLIM SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
• Forts and Royal Residences.
• Construction of forts (kota).
• The efficient design of the kota

in Islamic settlements repelled
many Spanish and American
assaults.
Fort in Alexandria, Egypt
• Spanish chroniclers describe Raja
Sulayman Fort in Manila as one
constructed from palm tree logs
dominating to a narrow knoll.
• Wide gaps in walls allowed to

ten/twelve, mid-sized, artillery
pieces to project through.
Pande Pira & the Great Cannon of Rajah Suleiman Kota Maynila, 1571
• The Maguindanao and Buaya kota
chain built on wall as an stamp.
• Antonio Morga (1609) –

indigenous fortification
• Kota was significant because inside

it was the torogan (often a
place for sleeping), the Maranao’s
chief residence
Maranao Torogan
Parts of a Torogan Dayawan Torogan, Marawi City

Dayawan Torogan, Marawi City

Bacarat Torogan, Marawi City Bacarat Torogan, Marawi City

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MUSLIM

Prepared by: Purchia Jeda A. Pague

• a place of worship for followers of

• literally means "place of

• Masjid: Larger and more permanent, uses stone foundations and

• A big space with roofing enough to fit at least 40 (44 in Sulu)

1. Generally, the absence of a Sahn (wide enclosed courtyard

3. Sometimes, the call to prayer is usually not done on

The practice is discouraged by the Ulama (a body of religious

8. Use of Okir carvings, Oburak (Centaur), motifs and colorful

A song dynasty antique

Another mosque exemplifying the use of an Obor-obr or

13. Roof consists of three ascending layers of flared pyramidal roofs;

15. Centralized and vertical hierarchy: square plan with an addition

17. The multi-layered roof of a pagoda-style mosque is exemplified

• Was built in 1380.

• Attributed to Sheikh Karimul

• Square in plan with huge

• Had a main enclosure of

• Floor area may have been

• Has four huge wooden

• Okir reliefs are believed to

• slightly elevated • Two-tiered pyramidal roof of iron sheets

• The Marcos government funded

• Has a detached minaret

Minaret. View from Minaret. View from

The Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq Minaret

• Interior walls are lavished

• Only the four hardwood

• Officially known now as the:

• Was declared by the Philippine

• Also known as: Babo-Rahman Mosque

• Was constructed by Apo Balindog.

• “Babo”- Arabic word for “baab” ,

• “Rahma” - symbolically signifies “Door

• In a sense, it is the first mosque

• Other sources mention that the

• Was designed by Jorge Ramos.

• Stained glass panels by Antonio

• Called such because of its gilded dome.

• Symbolizes the nation’s Islamic heritage

• Was sponsored by First Lady Imelda

• The state visit was actually cancelled but

King Faisal Mosque, Mindanao State University,

Blue Mosque, Maharlika Village, Taguig City,

• First mosque to be constructed in 1515 in

• Construction was credited to Sharief

• Islam proliferated in the areas of the Mindanao

• The genesis of the first mosque can be traced back to oral

• Common ground on both oral traditions is the claim that the

• Emerged as a result of exposure to

• The bulbous dome was favored by the

• Changes were introduced to localize the

• The dome was eventually modified from

• 54 mosques existed all over Mindanao before the war.

• A large percentage are now built with permanent

• Are heavily inspired by the domed mosque styles from

• Designed and built as a symbol of their acceptance of

• symbolic value of the structure has been strengthened and

• Stands as a religious edifice and political, social, and

• Also possessed a secondary educational function (to

• Literacy in Arabic was imperative for Islamic cohesion and

• Private academies were later established by