RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITH RESPECT TO

HIGH-STRENGTH REINFORCING BARS

DAVID A. FANELLA, PH.D., S.E., P.E., F.ACI

ACI SPRING CONVENTION, APRIL 19, 2016

STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE: It Enables. Adapts. Endures.

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SCOPE
• Bar designations and properties
• ACI 318-14 limitations and requirements related
to high-strength reinforcing bars
• Recent research projects
• Determination of yield strength for high-strength reinforcing
bars
• High-strength concrete in combination with high-strength
reinforcing bars

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REFERENCES
• ACI, “Building Code
Requirements for
Structural Concrete
and Commentary,”
ACI 318-14, 2014

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REFERENCES
• Paulson, C., Rautenberg, J.M., Graham, S., and
Darwin, D. (2016). “Defining Yield Strength for
Nonprestressed Reinforcing Steel,” ACI Structural
Journal, ACI, 113(1), 169-178.
• Shin, H.O., Yoon, Y.-S., Cook, W.D., and Mitchell, D.
(2016). “Axial Load Response of Ultra-High-Strength
Concrete Columns and High-Strength Reinforcement,”
ACI Structural Journal, ACI, 113(2), 325-336.

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REFERENCES
• Applied Technology
Council, “Roadmap for
the Use of High-strength
Reinforcement in
Reinforced Concrete
Design,” ATC 115, 2014

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REFERENCES
• NEHRP Consultants Joint
Venture, “Use of High-
Strength Reinforcement
in Earthquake-Resistant
Concrete Structures,”
NIST GCR 14-917-30,
2014

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BAR DESIGNATIONS AND PROPERTIES

Nominal Nominal Nominal
Bar Designation Nominal
Weight Diameter Perimeter
No. Area (in.2)
(lb/ft) (in.) (in.)
#3 0.376 0.375 0.11 1.178
#4 0.668 0.500 0.20 1.571
#5 1.043 0.625 0.31 1.963
#6 1.502 0.750 0.44 2.356
#7 2.044 0.875 0.60 2.749
#8 2.670 1.000 0.79 3.142
#9 3.400 1.128 1.00 3.544
#10 4.303 1.270 1.27 3.990
#11 5.313 1.410 1.56 4.430
#14 7.65 1.693 2.25 5.32
#18 13.60 2.257 4.00 7.09
#20* 16.69 2.500 4.91 7.85
*Specifications for #20 bars are in ASTM A615 – 15a only
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ACI 318-14 LIMITATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

RELATED TO HIGH-STRENGTH REINFORCING BARS
• Deformed Bars

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Maximum 𝑓𝑦 or
𝑓𝑦𝑡 permitted for Applicable ASTM
Usage Application
design Specification
calculations (ksi)
Flexure Special
Refer to ACI
seismic 60
Axial force 20.2.2.5
systems
Shrinkage and A615, A706, A955,
temperature Other 80
A996
Special
Lateral support A615, A706, A955,
seismic 100
of longitudinal A996, A1035
systems
bars A615, A706, A955,
Spirals 100
Concrete A996, A1035
Confinement A615, A706, A955,
Other 80
A996

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Maximum 𝑓𝑦 or
𝑓𝑦𝑡 permitted for Applicable ASTM
Usage Application
design Specification
calculations (ksi)
Flexure Special
Refer to ACI
seismic 60
Axial force 20.2.2.5
systems
Shrinkage and A615, A706, A955,
temperature Other 80
A996
Special
Lateral support A615, A706, A955,
seismic 100
of longitudinal A996, A1035
systems
bars A615, A706, A955,
Spirals 100
Concrete A996, A1035
Confinement A615, A706, A955,
Other 80
A996

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Maximum 𝑓𝑦 or
𝑓𝑦𝑡 permitted for Applicable ASTM
Usage Application
design Specification
calculations (ksi)
Flexure Special
Refer to ACI
seismic 60
Axial force 20.2.2.5
systems
Shrinkage and A615, A706, A955,
temperature Other 80
A996
Special
Lateral support A615, A706, A955,
seismic 100
of longitudinal A996, A1035
systems
bars A615, A706, A955,
Spirals 100
Concrete A996, A1035
Confinement A615, A706, A955,
Other 80
A996

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Maximum 𝑓𝑦 or
𝑓𝑦𝑡 permitted for Applicable ASTM
Usage Application
design Specification
calculations (ksi)
Special seismic A615, A706, A955,
60
systems A996
A615, A706, A955,
Spirals 60
Shear A996
A615, A706, A955,
Shear friction 60
A996
Stirrups, ties, A615, A706, A955,
60
hoops A996
Longitudinal A615, A706, A955,
Torsion 60
and transverse A996

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ACI 318-14 LIMITATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

RELATED TO HIGH-STRENGTH REINFORCING BARS
• Plain Spiral Bars
Maximum 𝑓𝑦 or
𝑓𝑦𝑡 permitted Applicable
Usage Application for design ASTM
calculations Specification
(ksi)
Spirals in
Lateral support of special A615, A706,
100
longitudinal bars seismic A955, A1035
systems
Concrete confinement A615, A706,
Spirals 100
A955, A1035
A615, A706,
Shear Spirals 60
A955, A1035
Torsion in A615, A706,
Spirals 60
nonprestressed beams A955, A1035

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DETERMINATION OF YIELD STRENGTH

• Yield point method

Source: Paulson, et. al. (2016)

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DETERMINATION OF YIELD STRENGTH

• Extension under load (EUL) method
• ACI 3.5.3.2 (2011)

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DETERMINATION OF YIELD STRENGTH

• Extension under load (EUL) method

0.0050 for 𝑓𝑦 < 60 ksi

𝑂𝑚 = ൝
0.0035 for 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 60 ksi

Source: Paulson, et. al. (2016)

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DETERMINATION OF YIELD STRENGTH

• Offset method
• ACI 20.2.1.2 (2014)

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DETERMINATION OF YIELD STRENGTH

• Offset method

𝑂𝑚 = 0.0020

Source: Paulson, et. al. (2016)

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DETERMINATION OF YIELD STRENGTH

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Paulson, C., Rautenberg, J.M., Graham, S., and
Darwin, D. (2016). “Defining Yield Strength for
Nonprestressed Reinforcing Steel,” ACI Structural
Journal, ACI, 113(1), 169-178.

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Purpose
• To determine if using the 0.2% offset method to define the
yield strength of gradually yielding reinforcing bars is safe
and realistic

• Parametric Study
• Beams and Columns
• Concrete strength and reinforcing bar yield strength varied
• Amounts of longitudinal reinforcement varied

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Beams
• Concrete: 5,000 and 8,000 psi
• Reinforcing bars: 60 and 80 ksi
• Flexural reinforcement ratios: 0 to 6%
• Covered both tension-controlled and compression-controlled sections

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Columns
• Concrete: 5,000, 8,000, and 12,000 psi
• Reinforcing bars: 60 and 80 ksi
• Longitudinal reinforcement ratios: 1 to 8%

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Reinforcing bar stress-strain relationships

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Reinforcing bar stress-strain relationships

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Concrete stress-strain relationships

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Comparisons
• Analytical “actual” strength
• Calculated based on assumed stress-strain relationships for
reinforcing bars and concrete
• Compared to…
• …”Code” nominal strength of the cross-section
• …analytical strength of the cross-section using the strain hardening
stress-strain relationship for the reinforcing bars (EPSH)
• …design strength of the cross-section

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Beam Comparisons

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PAULSON ET. AL. (2016)

• Column Comparisons

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SHIN ET. AL. (2016)

• Purpose
• Investigate the behavior of columns subjected to uniaxial load
constructed with the following:
• High-strength concrete (29 ksi)
• High-strength transverse (116 ksi) and longitudinal (93 ksi) reinforcing
bars

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SHIN ET. AL. (2016)

• Test setup
• Investigated different configurations and amounts of high-
strength transverse and longitudinal reinforcing bars

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SHIN ET. AL. (2016)

• Effect of transverse reinforcing bar yield strength

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SHIN ET. AL. (2016)

• Effect of longitudinal reinforcing bar yield strength
• Combination of high-strength concrete with high-strength
longitudinal bars resulted in yielding of the longitudinal
reinforcing bars
• Peak compressive strain measured in the concrete ≈ 0.0040 > 0.0030
• Even though the longitudinal reinforcement yielded, its overall
contribution to the axial load strength was relatively small, as
expected

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SHIN ET. AL. (2016)

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SHIN ET. AL. (2016)

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