Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By : Shelly Selviana
Background
• The Agreement is governed in Article 1313 of ICC as “an act in which one
or more persons commit themselves to one or more persons.” Unlike
the engagement which is a legal relationship, the agreement is a legal
act. It is the legal act that results in a legal relationship of engagement,
so it can be said that the agreement is the source of the engagement.
• If the agreement has been poured in written form, then the Agreement
is called Contract. The content of the Contract are in fact the Agreement
itself. The terms of the contract and the agreement are identical,
without needing to be differentiated and can be used simultaneously.
The term of contract is more often used in business practice.
Questions of the paper
The issues to be studied and analyzed into the discussion on
this paper are:
1. What are contracts and agreement?
2. What elements are there in the contract and the agreement?
3. Who are in the contract and the agreement?
4. What principles are there in the contract?
5. What is the implementation of the contract?
6. What are the types of contract?
7. How is the birth of an agreement?
8. How is the terms of validity of an agreement?
9. How is the termination of an agreement?
10. What is the legal arrangement of a contract?
Definition of Contracts & Agreements
CONTRACT
AGREEMENT
According to Indonesian Dictionary, contract
is: According to Van Dunne's new theory,
agreement is :
1. Agreement (in writing) between two
parties in trading, leases, etc. “a legal relationship between two or more
parties on the basis of an agreement to
2. Approval of a legal sanction between cause legal consequences”.
two or more parties to undertake or not
to engage in an activity.
3. Binding with the agreement.
4. Rent.
The 2nd chapter of 3rd book of Indonesia Civil Code (ICC) is literally entitled:
“Engagement born of Contract or Agreement”
so ICC never distinguish the two terms if used interchangeably.
Neither the agreement nor the contract have the same understanding, that is, a legal act to
mutually bind the parties into a legal relationship of engagement.
Elements of Contract / Agreement
1. The Essential Element
It must be exist in a contract because without any agreement on this essential element
there is no contract. Example: in a contract of sale and purchase there must be agreement
on goods and prices because without it, the contract is null and void because there is no
certain thing that is promised.
2. Consumer
It is any person or user of goods and / or services available in society, whether
for self-interest, family, other person or any other living being and not for sale.
3. Nonprofessional
It referred to the person who sells the goods, but the sales are not his job so that
although the person who buys the goods uses the goods, but cannot be
classified as a consumer as stipulated in the Consumer Protection Act because
he / she is not dealing with the business actor.
Principles of Contract
1. The Principle of Freedom of Contract
It can be analysed from the provisions of Article 1338 paragraph (1) of ICC, which states: “All legally-made
agreements act as laws for those who make them”. This principle gives freedom to the parties to:
a. Making or not making agreements;
b. Enter into an agreement with anyone;
c. Determine the contents of the agreement, its implementation, and its terms, also
d. Determine whether the agreement is written or oral.
a. Consensual Agreement
5. Based on the birth of the agreement Binding since there is consensus from both parties. So it was born
from the moment the agreement was reached. Example: sale and
purchase, lease rent.
It is based on the establishment of
the agreement. The agreement is b. Real Agreement
formed because both parties agree It is binding if accompanied by a real action. So only with the word
to enter into an agreement. of agree, it is not binding on both sides. For example, custody
agreements, loan agreements.
c. Formal Agreement
It is bound to a particular form, so the form shall be in accordance
with the applicable provisions. If it is not in accordance with the
provisions, then it is not valid. Example: the sale and purchase of
land must be in the PPAT deed, the establishment of a Limited
Liability Company must be by Notarial Deed.
The Birth of Contract/ Agreement
There are several theories that can be used to determine the birth of the contract, namely:
1. Specific object
The existence of this requirement means that a contract must
be subject to certain things, clear and justified by law. Of this
we can find in Article 1332 and Article 1333 of ICC.
b. Objectively Requirements
It deals with the object of the agreement. 2. A lawful cause
No contract should be made to do things that are against the
The legal consequences of non-fulfillment
law. And the contents of the agreement are not prohibited by
of one of the objective requirements below law or not contrary to the morality / public order (Article 1337
is a contract made null and void. So since of ICC). It is also determined that an agreement made without
the contract was made, the contract has cause or created for a false or forbidden cause is
been cancelled. Those requirements are: unenforceable (Article 1335 of ICC).
Termination of Contract/ Agreement
Article 1381 of ICC regulates other factors that may lead to the termination of the agreement, for example:
1. Payment
It is not always interpreted in the form of money delivery, but the fulfilment of a number of achievements that
are agreed also include fulfilling the elements of payment.
3. Debt renewal
It may result in the termination of the agreement, as the emergence of a new agreement causes the renewed
agreement to expire. The new agreement may arise because of the change of the parties in the agreement,
such as novasi agreement in which the debtor takes place or due to the change of the sale and purchase
agreement into the lease agreement, because the buyer is unable to pay off the remaining payment.