Foreground, Background and

Point of View
Visualizing a text from a variety of perspectives
and in a variety of dimensions
foreground, what appears closes and most
prominent to someone
background, what appears remotest and most
inconspicuous
point of view, vantage point from which a particular
even is seen, and by extension, heard, felt and
otherwise perceived
Paul Garvin used term foregrounding as translation of Czech aktualisace,
actualising, used in the 1930s Prague school of stylistics
this is whenver a linguistic item, device or strategy draws attention to itself
against the assumed background norms of the language
result if a fresh perception both of the event represetned and of the nature
of language itself
this is where defamiliarisation occurs.
examples, in jokes whre the ambiguity or incongruity of an item draws
attention to itself
'My dog smells awful, How does yours smell? (With its nose)
also along with poetry, a heightening of sound-pattern
can also omit commas, line breaks, etc...
Also deviation is used o describe instances where the routine norms and
expectations of the language are bent of broken, deliberately or accidentally
e.e. cummings: anyone lived in a pretty how town
problem is that it assumes we all have the same norms and expectations
I love you not
I love you not
I love you not
I love you not
I love you not
I love you not
I love you not
I love you notwithstanding
Background 'historical background' 'background reading'
somehow, people think, literature is detachable from social and
historical conditions in which it is produced
study the text, but what about the context, and intertextuality?
however,
foreground = literature = primary text
background = society/history = context
this is a position, and just one among many
all works are witten, received and read in a history (ontic)
but by practical necessity we must focus on something, choose
make something the foreground, something background
but be aware these are fluid
points of view
variety of postions within and outside the text
ex:
acutal author's attitudes and values, e.g. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
narrator's piont of view, Robinson Crusoe's
character's pont of view, Friday's
implied reader's point of view, seen in 'dear reader' form of address,
or 'of course'
actual reader's responses, eg what you and I actually see or look for
what most engages us is shifts or switches in point of view, hte ways in
which attitudes and values of charcter, author, narrator, change,
collide, diferge and converge ina story.
a fixed point of view, like fixed foreground or background, is boring
 Focalization
Focalization- "introduced by Gerard Genette to distinguish the activity
of the narrator recounting the events of the fictional world from the
activity of the character from whose perspective events are perceived,
or FOCALIZED. The distinction between the narrator and the
FOCALIZER is commonly described in literary theory as a distinction
between the agent 'who speaks' and the agent 'who sees.' (Stam et al).

Focalization is different from point of view in that it is focuses on the

diegetic level of the text, to the level of characters and actions...
Different types defined by Genette: Internal focalization - "occurs when
a narrative is presented entirely from a given character's perspective,
with the limitations and restrictions this implies" (ibid.).Genette - "the
angle of vision, from which the life or the action is looked at".
Also - Facets of focalization - Perceptual facet, psychological facet,
ideological facet. Internal focalization can be fixed - limited to a single
character, variable, when focalization shifts with a scene or film from
one character to another, or multiple - one even is viewed from several
different perspectives.

Another type is EXTERNAL FOCALIZATION - "narratives in which our

knowledge of the characters is restricted simply to their external actions
and words, without the 'subjectivity' of the characters, their thoughts
and feelings, being invoked. Problematic. Also, NON-FOCALIZED or
ZERO FOCALIZATION - no character is privileged. Also
CHARACTER-FOCALIZER. (Stam et al).

John Ford, Stagecoach (1939)

She was standing by the door. The light went on.

While she was standing by the door, the light went on.

She was standing by the door when the light went on.

The light went on. She was standing by the door!

 Thomas Grey (1716-1771)
Elegy written in a Country Churchyard

THE Curfew tolls the knell of parting day,

The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea,
The plowman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, 5

And all the air a solemn stillness holds,
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;

Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tow'r

The moping owl does to the moon complain 10
Of such as, wand'ring near her secret bow'r,
Molest her ancient solitary reign.
The boast of heraldry, the pomp of pow'r,
And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,
Awaits alike th' inevitable hour: 35
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.

...

Full many a gem of purest ray serene

The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear:
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 55
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.
• 1x3, 4x4, 1x3 and then... more
Mona Lisa: http://www.artnewsblog.com/famous-paintings/mona-lisa/index.htm