UNIT I

Introduction to Cellular
Mobile Radio Systems
 Limitations of Conventional Mobile
Telephone Systems

 Limited Service Capability

 Poor Service performance
 Inefficient Frequency Spectrum Utilization
Conventional Mobile System
 A Basic Cellular System

 A Mobile Unit
 A Cell Site
 A Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO)
 Connections
A Basic Cellular System
 BASE STATION

Downlink(DL)
Uplink(UL)

Single Cell System Cell=Supply Area

Transmission between Mobile phones and the base station is the base
Station supply area called CELL
Any Collective group of users in a wireless system are called= Users or
Mobiles
 Contd….
• Mobile units. A mobile telephone unit contains a control unit, a
transceiver, and an antenna system.
• Cell site. The cell site provides interface between the MTSO and the
mobile units. It has a control unit, radio cabinets, antennas, a power
plant, and data terminals.
• MTSO. The switching office, the central coordinating element for all
cell sites, contains the cellular processor and cellular switch. It
interfaces with telephone company zone offices, controls call
processing, and handles billing activities.
• Connections. The radio and high-speed data links connect the three
subsystems. Each mobile unit can only use one channel at a time for its
communication link. But the channel is not fixed; it can be any one in
the entire band assigned by the serving area, with each site having
multichannel capabilities that can connect simultaneously to many
mobile units.
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
DEVELOPEMENT
Analog Systems and Digital systems
• AMPS-1977-Analog system-USA
• NTT-1979-Analog system-Japan
• TACS-1984-UK
• GSM-1992-European system-Germany
• NA-TDMA-1993-USA
• CDMA-1995-USA
• PDC -1994-Japan
Uniqueness of Mobile Radio Environment
• Description of mobile radio transmission medium
Propagation attenuation
• Model of transmission medium
• Factors influencing short term fading
• Parameters of mobile multipath fading
Time dispersion parameters
Coherence bandwidth
Doppler spread
Coherence time
• Types of small scale fading
 Description of mobile radio transmission medium

 The Propagation Attenuation:

where C = received carrier distance measured = received
carrier constant
The difference in power reception at two transmitter to =
constant
The difference in power reception at two different distances
R1 and R2 will result in
Model of Transmission Medium
Mobile Radio Signal Fading Representation
Factors influencing Small-Scale Fading
• Multipath Propagation
• Speed of the mobile
– relative motion between base station & mobile causes random frequency
modulation due to Doppler shift (fd)
– Different multipath components may have different frequency shifts.
• Speed of surrounding objects
– also influence Doppler shifts on multipath signals
– dominates small-scale fading if speed of objects > mobile speed
• otherwise ignored
• Transmission bandwidth of the signal
- The mobile radio channel (MRC) is modeled as filter with specific
bandwidth (BW)
Mobile Fading Characteristics
• Doppler Shift
– A mobile moves at a constant velocity v, along a path segment having
length d between points X and Y.
– Path length difference
l  d cos  vt cos
– Phase change
2l 2vt
   cos 
 
– Doppler shift
1  v
fd    cos 
2 t 

+ shift → mobile moving toward S

− shift → mobile moving away from S
Parameters of Mobile Multipath
Channels
• Time Dispersion Parameters
– Grossly quantifies the multipath channel
– Determined from Power Delay Profile
– Parameters include
– Mean Access Delay
– RMS Delay Spread
– Excess Delay Spread (X dB)
• Coherence Bandwidth
• Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
Parameters of mobile multi path fading
• Time dispersion parameters
– mean excess delay
– RMS delay spread
– excess delay spread
• Mean excess delay
 k k
a 2
 P( ) k k
  k
 k

 k
a 2

k
 P( ) k
k

• RMS delay spread

   2  ( 2 )

• where
 k k
a 2 2
 k k
P ( ) 2

2  k
 k

 k
a 2

k
 P(
k
k )
– outdoor channel ~ on the order of microseconds
– indoor channel ~ on the order of nanoseconds
Parameters of mobile multipath fading
• Coherence bandwidth
 While Delay Spread is a natural phenomenon, the
Coherence Bandwidth is a defined relation
 It is a statistical measure of the range of frequencies over which the
channel can be considered “flat”
 RMS Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth are inversely
proportional to one another
• If the coherent bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth over which
the frequency correlation function is above 0.9, then the coherent
bandwidth is approximately
1
Bc 
50 
• If the frequency correlation function is above 0.5
1
Bc 
5 
 Parameters of mobile multipath fading
• Doppler Spread and Coherence Time

 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth describe the time dispersive

nature of the channel
 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time describe the time varying nature
of the channel
 Doppler Spread is a measure of spectral broadening
 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time are inversely proportional to
one another.
 Contd…
• Coherent time TC is the time domain dual of Doppler spread.
• Coherent time is used to characterize the time varying nature of the
frequency dispersive ness of the channel in the time domain.
1
TC 
fm
f m : maximum Doppler shift given by f m  v / 
v : speed of the mobile  : speed of the light
• Two signals arriving with a time separation greater than are affected
differently by the channel
• A statistic measure of the time duration over which the channel
impulse response is essentially invariant.
• If the coherent time is defined as the time over which the time
correlation function is above 0.5, then
9
TC 
16f m
 Types of Small-Scale Fading
• Depending on the relation between the signal parameters (such as
bandwidth, symbol period etc.) and the channel parameters (such as
rms delay spread and Doppler spread), different transmitted signals
will undergo different types of fading.
• Time dispersion and frequency dispersion mechanisms in a mobile
radio channel lead to four possible distinct effects, which are
manifested depending on the nature of the transmitted signal, the
channel, and the velocity.
• Multipath delay spread leads to time dispersion and frequency selective
fading.
• Doppler spread leads to frequency dispersion and time selective fading.
• Multipath delay spread and Doppler spread are independent of one
another.
 Flat Fading
• If the channel has a constant gain and linear phase response over a
bandwidth which is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted
signal, the received signal will undergo flat fading.
• The received signal strength changes with time due to fluctuations in
the gain of the channel caused by multi path.
• The received signal varies in gain but the spectrum of the transmission
is preserved.
 Contd…
• Flat fading channel is also called amplitude varying channel.
• Also called narrow band channel: bandwidth of the applied signal is
narrow as compared to the channel bandwidth.
• Time varying statistics: Rayleigh flat fading.
• A signal undergoes flat fading if
BS  BC
and
TS  
TS : reciprocal bandwidth (symbol period)
BS : bandwidth of the transmitt ed signal
BC : coherent bandwidth
 : rms delay spread
 Frequency Selective Fading
• If the channel possesses a constant-gain and linear phase response over
a bandwidth that is smaller than the bandwidth of transmitted signal,
then the channel creates frequency selective fading.

signal spectrum S ( f )

channel response

f
BC

received signal spectrum

f
 Contd…
• Frequency selective fading is due to time dispersion of the transmitted
symbols within the channel.
– Induces intersymbol interference
• Frequency selective fading channels are much more difficult to model
than flat fading channels.
• Statistic impulse response model
– 2-ray Rayleigh fading model
– computer generated
– measured impulse response
• For frequency selective fading
BS  BC
and
TS   
 Fading Effects Due to Doppler Spread
• Fast Fading: The channel impulse response changes rapidly within the
symbol duration.
– The coherent time of the channel is smaller then the symbol period of the
transmitted signal.
– Cause frequency dispersion due to Doppler spreading.
• A signal undergoes fast fading if
TS  TC
and
BS  BD
 Contd…

• Slow Fading: The channel impulse response changes at a rate much

slower than the transmitted baseband signal s(t).
– The Doppler spread of the channel is much less then the bandwidth of the
baseband signal.
• A signal undergoes slow fading if
TS  TC
and
BS  BD