DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS

IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCES
 LESSON 2
THE DISCIPLINE OF
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
 THE DISCIPLINE OF THE SOCIAL
SCIENCES
• ANTROPOLOGY
• ECONOMICS
• GEOGRAPHY
• HISTORY
• LINGUISTICS
• POLITICAL SCIENCE
• SOCIOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY
 1. ANTROPOLOGY
• IS THE STUDY OF THE HUMANKIND. THE TERM IS DERIVED FROM THE
GREEK WORDS ANTHROPOS MEANING “HUMAN” AND LOGOS
MEANING “WORD” OR “STUDY OF”.
• ANTROPOLOGISTS ATTEMPT TO FIND ANSWERS ON SO MANY
QUESTIONS INVOLVING HUMAN.
• CONTRIBUTES IN UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIETY BY INTEGRATING
THE RESEARCH FINDINGS OF MOST DISCIPLINES LIKE SOCIOLOGY,
HISTORY, PSYCHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY.
• THEY ALSO EXCAVATE NUMEROUS PLACES FOR FOSSILS AND OTHER
MATERIAL REMAINS THAT ONCE BELONGED IN THE PAST.
 BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1.PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Is the study of human biology within the milieu
of evolution. This subfield centers primarily on
human biological origins and the variations in
human species.
Also analyze human fossil remains.
 Sub disciplines and Interests
1. Paleoanthropology
INTERESTS: human evolution; earlier hominids
2. Genetics
INTERESTS: gene structure; patterns of inheritance of traits
3. Primatology
INTERESTS: non- human primates
4. Osteology
INTERESTS: skeletal remains
5. Paleopathology
INTERESTS: traces of disease and injury in human skeletal remains
6. Forensic anthropology
INTERESTS: analysis and identification of human remains
 BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY

2. Cultural or Social Anthropology

Involves the study and comparative analysis of pre- literate
societies, including all aspects of human behavior.
Aspects of human culture include religion, ritual, myth,
technology, gender roles, kinship forms, economic and political
structures, music and folklore.
Cultural Anthropologists employ ethnography as a means to
study and record the different life of human societies.
 BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY

3. Ethnography
Provide descriptive accounts which form the basis for
comparative studies of many cultures. Oftentimes, an
ethnographer spends a long period of time in a
community under the study while he or she talks to
people, observes their way and thoughts, and records
these observations afterwards.
 Sub disciplines and Interests
a.Urban Anthropology
INTERESTS: issues of inner cities such as poverty,
immigration, and social stratification
b.Medical anthropology
INTERESTS: relationship between culture and health or
diseases
c. Economic Anthropology
INTERESTS: distribution of goods and resources within
and between cultures
 BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
3. ARCHAEOLOGY
IT INVOLVES THE STUDY OF EARLIER CULTURES AND WAYS OF LIFE
BY WAY OF RETRIEVING AND EXAMINING THE MATERIAL REMAINS OF
PREVIOUS HUMAN SOCIETIES.
WHILE ARCHAEOLOGISTS ATTEMPT TO RECONSTRUCT THE
EVERYDAY LIFE AND CUSTOMS OR EARLY PEOPLE, THEY ALSO SEEK TO
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT CULTIRAL CHANGES THAT HAPPENED OVER
TIME.
MATERIALS FROM THE PAST MAY HELP IN UNDERSTANDING THE
NATURE OF THAT SOCIETY, INCLUDING THE N ON- TANGIBLE ASPECTS
OF CULTURE, SUCH AS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES, POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS, AND ANCIENT LANGUAGES.
 BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
4. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY OR ANTHROPOLOGICAL
LINGUISTICS
IT IS THE STUDY OF HUMAN SPEECH AND LANGUAGE AS WELL
AS THE VARIOUS CHANGES THAT HAVE TAKEN PLACE OVER TIME.
WHILE SOME LINGUISTICS ARE INTERESTED IN THE ORIGIN OF
LANGUAGE, OTHER EXPERTS MAY ALSO WANT TO STUDY THE
DIVERGENCE OF LANGUAGES COVERING THOUSAND OF YEARS.
ONE RELATED FIELD OF STUDY, HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS,
ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN HOW NUMEROUS LANGUAGES HAVE
CHANGED IN THE PASR AND THEIR POSSIBLE LINKS TO ONE
ANOTHER.IT ALSO DEAL WITH LANGUAGES THAT USUALLY GO
UNRECORDED.
 2. ECONOMICS
• IT IS A DISCIPLINE THAT CONCENTRATES ON HOW A PARTICULAR
SOCIETY SOLVES ITS PROBLEM OR SCARCITY OF RESOURCES . THE
TERM ORIGINATED FROM THE GREEK WORDS OIKOS MEANING
“HOUSE” AND NOMOS MEANING “CUSTOM” OR “LAW. THE TERM
OIKONOMIA LITERALLY TRANSLATES AS “MANAGEMENT OF A
HOUSEHOLD”.
• ECONOMISTS SEEK TO UNDERSTAND PEOPLE’S ACTIVITIES
CONCERNING PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND CONSUMPTION OF
GOODS AND SERVICES.
 2. ECONOMICS
• BY STUDYING THE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES OF
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, IT CAN HELP EXPLAIN WHY
SOME OF THEM EXPORT GOODS WHILE OTHERS
IMPORT THEM.
• UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC TRENDS SUCH AS
UNEMPLOYMENT FIGURES AND FOREIGN TRADE
CAN ASSIST GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN
FORMULATING POLICIES TO IMPROVE THE
PERFORMANCE OF THEIR NATIONAL ECONOMY.
 GOAL OF
A. ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMICS
B. PRICE- LEVEL STABILITY
C. ECONOMIC FREEDOM
D.WORK EFFICIENCY
E. EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
F. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
G. FULL EMPLOYMENT
H.ECONOMIC SECURITY
I. BALANCE OF TRADE
 BRANCHES OF ECONOMICS
A.MACROECONOMICS
ANALYZES HOW THE ECONOMY FUNCTIONS AS
A WHOLE OR ITS BASIC SUBDIVISIONS, SUCH AS THE
GOVERNMENT OR BUSINESS SECTORS.
EXAMPLES OF ECONOMIC MEASURES WITHIN
THE MACROECONOMIC LEVEL INCLUDE TOTAL
OUTPUT, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL INCOME, AND
GENERAL LEVEL OF PRICES.
 BRANCHES OF ECONOMICS
A.MICROECONOMICS
FOCUSES ON THE BEHAVIOR INDIVIDUAL
AGENTS, LIKE HOUSEHOLDS, INDUSTRIES, AND
FIRMS.
ON THE MICROECONOMIC LEVEL, EXPERTS
MEASURE PRICE OF SPECIFIC PRODUCT, NUMBER OF
WORKERS EMPLOYED BY A SINGLE FIRM, OR
EXPENDITURES OF A CERTAIN FAMILY.
 3. GEOGRAPHY
• IT IS THE STUDY OF THE FEATURES OF THE EARTH
AND LOCATION OF LIVING THINGS ON THE PLANET.
THIS TERM IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD
GEOGRAPHIA, FROM GEO MEANING “EARTH” AND
GRAPHE MEANING “TO DESCRIBE”. TO DESCRIBE
THE EARTH.
• ASIDE FROM STUDYING RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, AND
PLANTS, GEOGRAPHERS ALSO DEAL WITH
DIFFERENT HUMAN ACTIVITIES.
 3. GEOGRAPHY
• THEY EXAMINE WHERE AND HOW GROUPS OF PEOPLE LIVE
AND WHAT ADAPTATIONS THEY USUALLY UNDERTAKE IN
ORDER TO SUBSIST IN CERTAIN REGIONS OF THE EARTH.
• GEOGRAPHERS DEAL NOT ONLY WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF
THE EARTH’S PHYSICAL FEATURES BUT ALSO ON THE
DISTRIBUTION AND INTERACTION OF HUMANS WITH THE
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
• KEEP IN MIND THAT GEOGRAPHY IS NOT ONLY ABOUT
COMPILATION OF PLACE NAMES AND COUNTRIES OR ABOUT
LANDSCAPES AND OTHER AREAL DIMENSIONS. IT ALSO DEALS
WITH THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON
HUMANS AND VICE VERSA.
 5 GEOGRAPHY THEMES

A.RELATIONSHIPS
B.LOCATION
C.PLACE
D.REGION
E.MOVEMENT
BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
A. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
IS GEOGRAPHY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EARTH SCIENCES
AND AS A BRANCH OF NATURAL SCIENCES. IT INCLUDES THE STUDY OF
SOIL, LANDFORMS, WATER, VEGETATION, MINERALS AND CLIMATE.
WHILE THE GEOGRAPHERS STUDY VARIOUS PHENIMENA FOUND
AMONG THE DIFFERENT SPHERES OF THE EARTH, THEY ARE ALSO
INTERSTED IN THE INTERPLAY OF HUMANS AND THE NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT.
EXAMPLES OF CATEGORIES WITHIN THE BRANCH OF PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY INCLUDE CLIMATOLOGY, METEOROLOGY, GEODESY,
GLACIOLOGY, HYDROLOGY, HYDROGRAPHY, GEOMORPHOLOGY,
OCEANOGRAPHY AND PEDOLOGY.
BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
B.HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
FOCUSES ON THE HUMAN ASPECT OF
GEOGRAPHY THAT IS MARKED BY A STRONG
COMMITMENT TO THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE.
EXAMPLES OF CATEGORIES WITHIN THE
BRANCH OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY INCLUDE
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY, DEVELOPMENT
GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, SOCIAL
GEOGRAPHY, AND URBAN GEOGRAPHY.
 4. HISTORY
• HISTORY IS A BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE THAT
ATTEMPTS TO ASCERTAIN, RECORD AND EXPLAIN
FACTS ABD EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST.
• ITIS ORIGINATED FROM THE GREEK WORD
HISTORIA MEANING “INQUIRY”.
• ITIS ONE OF THE OLDEST SOCIAL SCIENCES
TRACING ITS ORIGIN IN THE MYTHS AND
TRADITIONS OF EARLY PEOPLE THAT WERE PASSED
FROM GENERATIONS.
 4. HISTORY
• HISTORIANS MAY NEED TO WORK HAND IN HAND
WITH ARCHEOLOGISTS, ANTHROPOLOGISTS, AND
LINGUISTS IN ORDER TO RECONSTRUCT THE PAST.
• TAKENOTE THAT HISTORT ALSO PERTAINS TO
SYSTEMATIC WRITTEN ACCOUNT OR NARRATIVE OF
FACTS WITH THE AIM OF DISCOVERING
MEANINGFUL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THEM.
BRANCHES OF THE HISTORY
• SOCIAL HISTORY
experiences of common people
• CULTURAL HISTORY
customs, arts, traditions
• POLITICAL HISTORY
political ideas, events, movements, parties,
leaders
 BRANCHES OF THE HISTORY
• ECONOMIC HISTORY
economic, occurrences, way of living, distribution
of goods
• DIPLOMATIC HISTORY
international relations between states
• MILITARY HISTORY
military affairs, strategies, doctrine, armed
conflict
 BRANCHES OF THE HISTORY

• HISTORY OF RELIGION
religious experiences and ideas
• HISTORY OF WOMEN
women’s role in history
• ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
human interaction with nature and environment
 5. LINGUISTICS
• IT IS A FIELD OF KNOWLEDGE INVOLVING THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY
OF LANGUAGE AS A UNIVERSAL AND RECOGNIZABLE ASPECT OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CAPACITY.
• LINGUISTS STUDY CHANGES THAT HAVE TAKEN PLACE ON
VARIOUS LANGUAGES OVER TIME AS WELL AS THEIR MODERN
VARIATIONS.
• AS A BROAD FIELD OF STUDY OF LANGUAGE IN ALL ITS FORMS, IT
CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS. THIS INVOLVES THE STUDY
OF LANGUAGE FORM (MORPHOLOGY), THE STUDY ON HOW THESE
WORDS ARE FORMED INTO PHRASES (SYNTAX), THE STUDY OF
SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE (PHONOLOGY).
• LINGUIST ALSO STUDY LANGUAGE MEANINGS AND CONTEXT.
BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
• GENERAL LINGUISTICS
concepts and categories of language or languages;
theory of language
• MICROLINGUISTICS (structure of language systems)
a) PHONETICS
b) PHONOLOGY
c) MORPHOLOGY
d) SYNTAX
e) SEMANTICS
BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
• MACROLINGUISTICS (external view of language)
a) Stylistics
b) Developmental linguistics
c) Historical linguistics
d) Language geography
e) Psycholinguistics
f) Sociolinguistics
g) Clinical linguistics
 6. POLITICAL SCIENCE
• MOST SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE SOME KIND
OF NORMS AND RULERS THAT ARE BINDING IN
CHARACTER AND THAT COULD LAY SOME
FOUNDATION FOR COLLECTIVE DECISIONS. FOR
EXAMPLE, DECISIONS HAVE TO BE ENFORCED AND
ACCEPTED IF COMMUNITIES WANT TO SURVIVE AND
MAINTAIN EXISTENCE UNDER THE THREAT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS. POLITICS COULD BE
PART OF HUMANKIND’S EFFORT TO RESPOND TO
THE UNPREDICTABILITY .
 6. POLITICAL SCIENCE
• AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE, POLITICAL SCIENCE IS
RELATIVELY RECENT ONE COMPARED TO OTHER
BRANCHES OF KNOWLEDGE DESPITE THE FACT THAT
POLITICS IS PROBABLY AS OLD AS THE APPEARANCE OF
HUMAN POLITY IN THE ANCIENT PAST.
• PRIMARY CONCERNS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE INCLUDE
THE STUDY OF GOVERNMENTS, AND THE NEED FOR
THE INSTITUTION, ITS FORM, AND ITS PROCESSES. KEY
CONCEPTS WITHIN THE DISCIPLINE CONSIST OF THE
STATE, POLITICS, POWER, AND IDEOLOGY, AS WELL AS
THE EFFECTS OF THESE NOTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS
AND GROUPS.
 6. POLITICAL SCIENCE
• IT DEALS WITH BOTH THEORY AND PRACTICE OF
POLITICS, INCLUDING ANALYSIS ON PUBLIC
POLICIES. ALTHOUGH POLITICAL SCIENCE HAD
STRONG LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
ORIENTATION IN THE PAST, POLITICAL SCIENTISTS
HAVE NOW SHOWN KEEN INTEREST ON HUMAN
BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES IN RELATION TO THE
POLITICAL SPHERE.
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
• COMPARATIVE POLITICS
• INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
• POLITICAL STUDIES AND ANALYSIS
• POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
• POLITICAL THEORY
• POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
• POLITICAL ECONOMY
 7. SOCIOLOGY
• IS A FIELD OF STUDY DEALING WITH THE SYSTEMATIC
STUDY OF PATTERNS OF HUMAN INTERACTION. THESE
PATTERNS ARE OFTENTIMES AFFECTED, CONTROLLED,
OR ARRANGED BY HISTORICAL EVENTS, BELIEFS AND
PRACTICES, OR VARIOUS SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON AN
INDIVIDUAL, A FAMILY, OR A LARGER GROUP OF
PEOPLE.
• THE TERM IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD SOCIUS
MEANING “COMPANION” AND FROM THE GREEK WORD
LOGOS MEANING “WORD” OR “STUDY OF.”
 7. SOCIOLOGY
• SOCIOLOGISTS ATTEMPT TO UNRAVEL PATTERNS IN
GROUP BEHAVIOR AND NOT ON SPECIFIC
EXPRESSIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEING.
• IT
IS SAID THAT SOCIOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE OF
SOCIETY.
• SOCIOLOGIST ARE INTERESTED IN DISCOVERING
REPETITIVE AND GENERAL PATTERNS IN HUMAN
BEHAVIOR AS PEOPLE INTERACT WITH ONE
ANOTHER.
 BRANCHES OF SOCIOLOGY
• SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
• SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
• SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
• HUMAN ECOLOGY
• POPULATION OR DEMOGRAPHY
• SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND METHOD
• APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
 8. PSYCHOLOGY
• DEALS WITH THE NATURE OF HUMAN BEHAVIORS,
AND BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS
THAT AFFECT THOSE FACTORS.
• FROM THE LATIN WORD PSCHOLOGIA COMBINING
PSYCH MEANING “SPIRIT” OR “SOUL” AND LOGIA
FOR “STUDY OF,” PSYCHOLOGY LITERALLY MEANS
“STUDY OF THE SOUL.”
 8. PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY CONCENTRATES ON INDIVIDUALS AND
THE VARIOUS FORCES THAT BOLD THEM.
• IT HAS FOUR IMPORTANT GOALS, NAMELY, TO
DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, PREDICT, AND CHANGE
BEHAVIORS.
• PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHES ATTEMPT TO
UNDERSTAND AND EXPLAIN THE WAY PEOPLE THINK,
ACT, AND FEEL.
• MANY PSYCHOLOGIST DEVOTE THEIR TIME IN THE
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH
CONDITIONS.
 BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
• ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
• BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY
• BIOPSCHOLOGY
• COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• CROSS- CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
 BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
• DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
• EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
• EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
• FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
• HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
• PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
• SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
 DEMOGRAPHY
• IT IS THE SCIENCE AND STATISTICAL STUDY OF HUMAN
POPULATIONS.
• THE TERM CAME FROM THE FRENCH WORD
DEMOGRAPHIE DERIVED FROM GREEK DEMOS
MEANING “PEOPLE” AND FRENCH GRAPHIE.
• BY INVESTIGATING THE THREE DEMOGRAPHIC
PROCESS OF (1)BIRTH, (2)MIGRATION, AND (3)AGING
(INCLUDING DEATH), DEMOGRAPHERS ATTEMPT TO
COMPREHEND THE MECHANISM BEHIND HUMAN
POPULATION.
• IT IS USUALLY CATEGORIZE UNDER THE DISCIPLINE OF
SOCIOLOGY.
DISCIPLINE NATURE OF EMERGENCE KEY PERSONALOITIES

EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. ANTHROPOLOGY THE RISE OF WESTERN FRANZ BOAS, BRONISLAW

IMPERIALISM IN THE 18TH AND 19TH MALINOWSKI
CENTURIES PROMPTED INTEREST
IN THE STUDY OF CULTURE OF THE
COLONIES.

2. ECONOMICS BECAME A SEPARATE DISCIPLINE ADAM SMITH, KARL MARX

WITH THE PUBLICATION OF ADAM
SMITH’S THE WEALTH OF NATIONS
IN 1776.

3. GEOGRAPHY BECAME AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE IMMANUEL KANT, ALEXANDER

IN EUROPE DURING THE 18TH AND VON HUMBOLDT, CARL RITTER
19TH CENTURIES WHILE MANY
GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETIES WERE
FOUNDED IN THE 19TH CENTURY.
DISCIPLINE NATURE OF EMERGENCE KEY PERSONALOITIES

EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

4. HISTORY THE GREEKS WERE THE FIRST HERODUTUS, THUCYDIDES,

WRITERS OF HISTORY AND LEOPOLD VON RANKE
HISTORY IS ONE OF THE OLDEST
OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

5. LINGUISTICS MODERN LINGUISTICS STARTED FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE,

TO DEVELOP IN THE 18TH CENTURY JACQUES DERRIDA
WITH PHILOLOGY RERACHING ITS
ZENITH IN THE 19TH CENTURY.

6. POLITICAL SCIENCE AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AUGUSTINE OF

POLITICAL SCIENCE IS RELATIVELY HIPPO, NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI,
NEW FIELD THAT WAS PRINCIPALLY THOMAS HOBES, JOHN LOCKE.
WORKED ON BY AMERICAN
SCHOLARS IN THE 19TH AND 20TH
CENTURIES.
DISCIPLINE NATURE OF EMERGENCE KEY PERSONALOITIES

EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

7. SOCIOLOGY SOCIOLOGY AS A FORMAL AUGUSTE COMTE, KARL MARX,

ACADEMIC FIELD OF STUDY WAS HERBERT SPENCER, EMIL
FOUNDED BY EMILE DURKHEIM DURKHEIM
DURING THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
FIRST SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
IN EUROPE.

8. PSYCHOLOGY IN 1879, WILHELM ESTABLISHED WILHELM WUNDT, G. STANLEY

THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL HALL, JOHN DEWEY, SIGMUND
LABORATORY IN LEIPZIG FREUD
(GERMANY) THEREBY EFFECTIVELY
MAKING PSCHOLOGY A FORMAL
FIELD OF STUDY.

9. DEMOGRAPHY THE 19TH CENTURY SAW THE THOMAS MALTHUS, ADOLPHE

EMERGENCE OF DEMOGRAPHY QUETELET, WILLIAM FARR
WHEN IT SEPARATED FROM
STATISTICS AS A FIELD OF STUDY.
CAREERS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
 Prepared by:
Ms. Judith Almendral
Teacher/ Instructor