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Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 9

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul


President University
http://zitompul.wordpress.com
2 0 1 3
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/1
Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
 Now let us consider two conductors
embedded in a homogenous dielectric.
 Conductor M2 carries a total positive
charge Q, and M1 carries an equal
negative charge –Q.
 No other charges present  the total
charge of the system is zero.

• The charge is carried on the surface as


a surface charge density.
• The electric field is normal to the
conductor surface.
• Each conductor is an equipotential
surface

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/2


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
 The electric flux is directed from M2
to M1, thus M2 is at the more positive
potential.
 Works must be done to carry a
positive charge from M1 to M2.
 Let us assign V0 as the potential
difference between M2 and M1.
 We may now define the capacitance
of this two-conductor system as the
ratio of the magnitude of the total
charge on either conductor to the
magnitude of the potential difference
between the conductors.
C
 S
 E  dS
Q 
C   E  dL
V0 

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/3


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
 The capacitance is independent of the potential
and total charge for their ratio is constant. C
 S
 E  dS

 If the charge density is increased by a factor,   E  dL

Gauss's law indicates that the electric flux
density or electric field intensity also increases
by the same factor, as does the potential
difference.

 Capacitance is a function only of the physical dimensions of


the system of conductors and of the permittivity of the
homogenous dielectric.
 Capacitance is measured in farads (F), 1 F = 1 C/V.

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/4


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
 We will now apply the definition of capacitance to a simple two-
conductor system, where the conductors are identical, infinite
parallel planes, and separated a distance d to each other.

S
E az

D  S a z

 The charge on the lower plane is positive, since D is upward.


DN  Dz   S
 The charge on the upper plane is negative,
DN   Dz   S

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/5


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
 The potential difference between lower and upper planes is:
0 S S
E  dL   
lower
V0     dz  d
upper d  
 The total charge for an area S of either plane, both with linear
dimensions much greater than their separation d, is:
Q  S S
 The capacitance of a portion of the infinite-plane arrangement,
far from the edges, is:
Q S
C 
V0 d

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/6


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
 Example
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor having a
mica dielectric, εr = 6, a plate area of 10 in2, and a separation
of 0.01 in.

S  10 in 2 S
C
 10 in 2  (2.54 102 m in)2 d
 6.452 103 m2 (6)(8.854 1012 )(6.452 103 )

2.54 104
d  0.01 in
 1.349 nF
 0.01in  (2.54 102 m in)
 2.54 104 m

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/7


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
 The total energy stored in the capacitor is:
WE  12   E 2 dv
vol
 S 
2

 2     dv
1 S
C
vol
   d
1 S d S
2
S
 2  dzdS V0  d
0 0  
 2
Q
 12 S Sd C
 2 V0
1  S S
2 d 2

d 2
2
Q
WE  12 CV02  12 QV0  12
C

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/8


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples


 As first example, consider a coaxial cable or coaxial capacitor
of inner radius a, outer radius b, and length L.
 The capacitance is given by: L a
V  ln
2
ab
Q 2 L b
C 
Vab ln(b a ) Q  L L

 Next, consider a spherical capacitor formed of two concentric


spherical conducting shells of radius a and b, b>a.
Q 4 Vab 
Q 1 1
C    
Vab 1  1 4 a b
a b

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/9


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples


 If we allow the outer sphere to become infinitely large, we
obtain the capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor:
C  4 a
 A sphere about the size of a marble, with a diameter of 1 cm,
will have:
C  0.556 pF
 Coating this sphere with a different dielectric layer, for which
ε = ε1, extending from r = a to r = r1,
Q
Dr 
4 r 2
Q
Er  (a  r  r1 )
41r 2

Q
 (r  r1 )
4 0 r 2
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/10
Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples


 While the potential difference is:
a Qdr r1 Qdr
Va  V    
r1 4 r 2  4 r 2
1 0

Q 1 1 1 1 
     
4  1  a r1   0 r1 
 Therefore,
4
C
1 1 1 1
  
1  a r1   0 r1

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/11


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples


 A capacitor can be made up of several dielectrics.
 Consider a parallel-plate capacitor of area S and spacing d,
d << linear dimension of S.
 The capacitance is ε1S/d, using a dielectric of permittivity ε1.
 Now, let us replace a part of this dielectric by another of
permittivity ε2, placing the boundary between the two dielectrics
parallel to the plates.
• Assuming a charge Q on
one plate, ρS = Q/S, while
DN1 = DN2, since D is only
normal to the boundary.
• E1 = D1/ε1 = Q/(ε1S),
E2 = D2/ε2 = Q/(ε2S).
• V1 = E1d1,
V2 = E2d2.
Q Q 1 1
C   
V0 V1  V2 d1 d
 2
1 1

1S  2 S C1 C2
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/12
Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples


 Another configuration is when the
dielectric boundary were placed
normal to the two conducting plates
and the dielectrics occupied areas
of S1 and S2.

• Assuming a charge Q on one plate,


Q = ρS1S1 + ρS2S2.
• ρS1 = D1 = ε1E1,
ρS2 = D2 = ε2E2.
• V0 = E1d = E2d.

Q 1S1   2 S 2
C   C1  C2
V0 d

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/13


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 The configuration of the two-wire line consists of two parallel
conducting cylinders, each of circular cross section.
 We shall be able to find complete information about the electric
field intensity, the potential field, the surface charge density
distribution, and the capacitance.
 This arrangement is an important type of transmission line.

• Schematics of a
transmission line
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/14
Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 The capacitance, together with conductance, forms a shunt
admittance of a transmission line.
 The line capacitance is proportional to the length of the
transmission line.
 When an alternating voltage is applied to the line, the line
capacitance draws a leading sinusoidal current, called the
charging current.

 The charging current is negligible for lines


less than 100 km long. For longer lines, the
capacitance becomes increasingly
important and has to be accounted for.
 The value of such capacitance is
significantly higher with underground
cables than with overhead lines, due to the
close proximity of the individual conductors.

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/15


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 The potential field of two
infinite line charges, with
a positive line charge in
the xz plane at x = a and
a negative line at x = –a,
is shown below.
 The potential of a single
line charge with zero
reference at a radius of
R0 is:
L R0
V ln
2 R
 The combined potential field can be written as:
 L  R10 R20  L R10 R2
V  ln  ln  ln
2  R1 R2  2 R20 R1

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/16


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 We choose R10 = R20, thus placing the zero reference at equal
distances from each line.
 Expressing R1 and R2 in terms of x and y,
L ( x  a) 2  y 2  L ( x  a) 2  y 2
V ln  ln
2 ( x  a)  y
2 2
4 ( x  a)2  y 2
 To recognize the equipotential surfaces, some algebraic
manipulations are necessary.
 Choosing an equipotential surface V = V1, we define a
dimensionless parameter K1 as:
K1  e 4V1 L

so that
( x  a) 2  y 2
K1 
( x  a) 2  y 2
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/17
Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 After some multiplications and algebra, we obtain:
K1  1
x  2ax
2
 y2  a2  0
K1  1
2
 2a K1 
2
 K1  1 
xa   y   
2

 K1  1  K  1 
 1 
 The last equation shows that the
V = V1 equipotential surface is
independent of z and intersects
the xy plane in a circle of radius b,
2a K1
b
K1  1
 The center of the circle is x = h, y = 0, where:
K1  1
ha
K1  1
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/18
Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 Let us now consider a zero-potential conducting plane located
at x = 0, and a conducting cylinder of radius b and potential V0
with its axis located a distance h from the plane.
 Solving the last two equations for a and K1 in terms of b and h,
a  h2  b2
h  h2  b2
K1 
b
 The potential of the cylinder is V0, so that:
K1  e2V0 L

 Therefore,
4V0 2V0
L  
ln K1 ln K1
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/19
Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 Given h, b, and V0, we may determine a, K1, and ρL.
 The capacitance between the cylinder and the plane is now
available. For a length L in the z direction,
L L
4 L 2 L
C  
V0 ln K1 ln K1

2 L 2 L
C 
 
1
ln  h  h2  b2 b  cosh ( h b)
 
• Prove the equity by solving
quadratic equation in eα,
where cosh(α)=h/b.
• cosh(α) = (eα+e–α )/2

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/20


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 Example
The black circle shows the
cross section of a cylinder of
5 m radius at a potential of
100 V in free space. Its axis is
13 m away from a plane at
zero potential.
b  5, h  13, V0  100
a  h2  b2  132  52  12
h  h2  b2 13  12
K1    5  K1  25
b 5
4 V0 4 (8.854 1012 )(100)
L    3.46 nC m
ln K1 ln 25
2 2 (8.854 1012 )
C 1
 1
 34.6 pF m
cosh (h b) cosh (13 5)
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/21
Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 We may also identify the
cylinder representing the 50 V
equipotential surface by
finding new values for K1, b,
and h.

K1  e 4V1  L
4 8.8541012 50 3.46109
e
5
2a K1 2  12 5
b   13.42 m
K1  1 5 1

K1  1 5 1
ha  12  18 m
K1  1 5 1

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/22


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 L ( x  a) 2  y 2 
E    ln 2
 2 ( x  a ) 2
 y 
 L  2( x  a)a x  2 ya y 2( x  a)a x  2 ya y 
   
2  ( x  a)  y2 2
( x  a) 2  y 2 

  2( x  a)a x  2 ya y 2( x  a)a x  2 ya y 
D  E =  L   
2  ( x  a ) 2
 y 2
( x  a ) 2
 y 2

L  hb a h b a 
 S ,max   Dx , x h b , y 0 = 
 (h  b  a ) 2 (h  b  a ) 2 
2  

3.46 109  13  5  12 13  5  12 
 S ,max  
 (13  5  12)2 (13  5  12) 2   0.165 nC m 2

2  

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/23


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


L  hba hba 
 S ,min  Dx, x h b, y 0 = 
 (h  b  a) 2 (h  b  a) 2 
2  
3.46 109  13  5  12 13  5  12 
 S ,min  
 (13  5  12)2 (13  5  12) 2   0.073 nC m 2

2  

- +
- +
- +
- - + +
- +
- +
- +

 S ,min  Dx , x h b, y 0
 S ,max   Dx , x h b , y 0

 S ,max  2.25 S ,min

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/24


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line


 For the case of a conductor with b << h, then:


ln  h  h2  b2  b

ln  h  h  b  ln  2h b 

2 L (b  h)
C
ln(2h b)

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/25


Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Homework 8
 D6.4.
 D6.5.
 D6.6.

 All homework problems from Hayt and Buck, 7th Edition.


 Due: Monday, 17 June 2013.

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/26

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