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Hormones
Enteric
Nervous GI Tone
System
Resulted
Control
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The ENS is a division of the autonomic
nervous system
• The ENS can be thought of as a “minibrain”
• The ENS is responsible for much of the
moment to-moment control of gut motility
and secretion.
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
It also called Intrinsic
Nervous System
The ENS is arranged as:
• The myenteric plexus
(Auerbach’s plexus)
gut motility
• The submucosal plexus
(Meissner’s Pexus)
coordinates intestinal
absorption and secretion
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ACh
NE
ACh
ACh
GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES
• Hormones play a prominent role in the control
of gastrointestinal function, and in most cases
these hormones are secreted by the
gastrointestinal mucosa itself.
• Gastrointestinal hormones have a specific
sites and stimuli for secretion, and specific
actions.
GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES
GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES
• Gastrointestinal hormones are first secreted
into the capillary blood in the gastrointestinal
tract and must pass through the portal venous
system and liver before entering the systemic
circulation, a process known as first-pass
metabolism.
PARACRINE CONTROL
• Three major examples of paracrine mediators :
– Serotonin - enterochromaffin (EC) cells response to
distension excitatory increased intestinal
motility and secretion.
– Somatostatin - D cells a potent inhibitor inhibits
pancreatic and gastric secretion, relaxes the stomach
and gallbladder, and decreases nutrient absorption.
Inhibit gut hormones, gastrin, secretin, gastric
inhibitory peptide (GIP), and motilin.
– Local histamine - Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
potent stimulatory effect on acid secretion.
THE MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS
SALIVARY SECRETION
• The volume + 1.5 L per day, mildly alkaline.
– The submandibular glands secrete 70%.
– The parotid glands secrete 25%.
– The sublingual glands secrete 5%.
• Three major functions of saliva
– Lubrication : swallowing, speech, taste
– Protection : oral bacteria
– Digestive : α-Amilase, Lingual lipase
SALIVARY SECRETION