Origin of Elements

Big Bang theory

Nuclear Reactions

Stellar Formation, Evolution and Explosion

• The learners should be able to:
1. Briefly discuss the cosmology of the Big Bang model
2. Provide an overview of the proof for the Big Bang model
3. Write reactions involving the nucleosynthesis of the first elements
Origin of Elements
(Big Bang Theory)
Big Bang
Theory…
Arrange the key stages of the Big Bang Theory
Annihilation
Bigbang (cancellation of
Singularity nucleosythensis matter & anti-
matter)

Formation of
Cooling down of
matter & anti- Dark ages
universe
matter

Formation of
Recombination Inflation
cosmic bodies
 Big bang
Singularity Recombination
nucleosynthesis

Cooling down of
Inflation Dark ages
universe

Annihilation
Formation of
(cancellation of Formation of
matter & anti-
matter & anti- cosmic bodies
matter
matter)
Big Bang Theory Personalities
Einstein Hubble Lemaitre Gamow
“Relativity “Redshift” “hypothesis of the “hot big bang”
theory” Hubble’s primeval atom” H and He are
telescope the 1st elements
formed
The universe was
Universe is static
smaller yesterday
The further away the than today
galaxy, the greater the High density would
redshift of its spectral cause rapid expansion
lines
As the universe
Galaxies are getting expanded, H & He
farther as time cooled and condensed
progresses, the to form stars and
universe is expanding galaxies
 As the temperature
Big bang
Singularity
nuleosynthesis
continued to decrease,
Recombination
protons and neutrons
were able to combine to
make light nuclei.
Cooling down of
Inflation
universe
 beginning of the period
Dark ages
referred to as the era of
‘primordial
nucleosynthesis ’
Formation of Formation of
Annihilation
matter cosmic bodies
Primordial Nucleosynthesis

Prior to 100 seconds: After 100 seconds: the weak force can (barely) hold
too much ambient heat for the collisions to stick in the collision n + p -> deuterium

“BOTTLE NECK”
Creation of Primordial Elements
• In the early universe, once the
deuterium bottleneck was cleared, the
newly formed deuterium could
undergo further nuclear reactions to
form higher elements.
• Nuclear fusion – nucleus combines with
another nucleus to form larger nuclei
• Nuclear fission – nucleus splits into
smaller nuclei
What was formed after Deuterium?
• Virtually all of the remaining free neutrons in the Universe were
rapidly bound up in deuterium nuclei, and from then on other light
nuclei formed.
• One of the reactions that occurred was:

is another isotope of
hydrogen (called tritium)
What was formed after Deuterium?
• Other reactions that occurred was:
 Evidences for the Big Bang Theory

He
25%

H
75%

Red shift phenomenon Relative abundance Cosmic Microwave Background

• How many hydrogen isotopes were formed during primordial
nucleosynthesis?
• How many helium isotopes were formed during primordial
nucleosynthesis?
• Write other possible reactions to form He-3 and He-4
• What will be the highest element formed when 2 isotopes
combine during big bang nucleosynthesis?
 Origin of Elements
(Specific Nuclear Reactions)
Nuclear Reactions – Specific Types
• Alpha decay – loss of an alpha particle
• Beta decay – loss of a beta particle
• Gamma radiation – emission of gamma ray
• Positron emission – conversion of a proton in a
nucleus into a neutron, along with the release
of a positron
• Electron capture – drawing of an electron into
an atom’s nucleus
• Bombardment of alpha particle – addition of
alpha particle
Nuclear Reactions - Symbols
 Identity Symbol Charge

helium nucleus/ alpha +2

particle

electron/ beta particle -1

photon/ gamma ray 0

neutron 0

proton +1

positron +1
Nuclear Reactions
Sample Reaction:
Rule: Reaction should be balanced in both sides of equation = the sum of the
atomic mass and number in left side is equal to that in the right side of the
equation
Superscript –
atomic mass
Subscript –
atomic number

The type of reaction will depend on what happened to the reactant. Given the
example above the type of reaction is: ALPHA DECAY
Example: Nuclear Reactions

Alpha decay of Thorium -232 Electron capture of Iron

Nuclear Reactions - Exercise
 Origin of Elements
(Formation of Heavy Elements)
• The learners should be able to:
1. Briefly discuss stellar nucleosynthesis or fusion
2. Discuss other processes that led to other elements
3. Write out fusion reactions involved
Formation of a Star
Black hole
Supernova
Red giant
Main star

H + He Sequence
Fusion Star
Protostar
Nebula

The uneven distribution of H and He allowed

gravity to act in the areas of higher concentration
to initiate the "clumping" of matter
Formation of a Star
Black hole
Supernova
Red giant
Main star

H + He Sequence
Fusion Star
Protostar
Nebula

1. ↑ velocity of the atoms resulted in an ↑ in the temp

2. Atoms became more tightly packed that lead to:
↑ density, and frequency of collisions between atoms then
the mass of H and He became more spherical.
 Formation of a Star
Black hole
Supernova
Red giant
Main star

H + He Sequence
Fusion Star
Protostar
Nebula

• The temperature and density continued to increase until nuclei reached what is
called the "flash point."
• Once the conditions reached the flash point, This allows strong nuclear force to
bind smaller nuclei together, forming a more massive nucleus. This process is called
FUSION.
Formation of a Star Black hole
Supernova
Red giant
Main star

H + He Sequence
Fusion Star
Protostar
Nebula

“Proton-proton chain”
H He

*CNO Cycle*
-may take place in M.S star hotter than 15M Kelvin
Formation of a Star Black hole
Supernova
Red giant
Main star

H + He Sequence
Fusion Star
Protostar
Nebula
“Triple-alpha process”
He  C
“Alpha ladder”
C Fe
• The production of elements
stopped when Fe was
formed.
• Fe nuclei are the most stable
of all atomic nuclei. Because
of this, when they undergo
nuclear reactions, they don't
release energy, but absorb
it.
• At this point, the star has
already exhausted its
nuclear fuel.
Formation of a Star Black hole
Supernova
Red giant
Main star

H + He Sequence
Fusion Star
Protostar
Nebula

• As the red giant star exhausted the nuclear fuel of elements, its core started
to collapse that eventually led to the explosion of the star  “SUPERNOVA”
• This explosion release a huge amount of nuclear energy and produced other
elements heavier than iron. Continue to
Stable isotopes “r-process” capture
neutron
After Explosion
Unstable/radio Undergo B-
“s-process”
active isotopes decay
Formation of a Star Black hole
Supernova
Red giant
Main star

H + He Sequence
Fusion Star
Protostar
Nebula
• A black hole is a region in space where the pulling force of gravity
is so strong that light is not able to escape.
• The strong gravity occurs because matter has been pressed into a
tiny space.
• This compression can take place at the end of a star's life.
• Some black holes are a result of dying stars.
• Modified True or False:
a. A star gets lighter as time goes on.
b. Most of the heaviest elements were formed in main-
sequence stars.
c. The heavy elements in a star are found in its core.
d. In stellar nucleosynthesis, heavier elements are formed
from combining lighter ones.
• Using the alpha-ladder process, complete the nuclear
reactions that took place from Carbon to Iron.

• Ex. 126𝐶 + 42𝐻𝑒 →16

8𝑂
16 4
8 𝑂 + 2𝐻𝑒 → 20
10𝑁𝑒
 DUE: August 29,2017
PAIRED ACTIVITY – CHOOSE YOU OWN PAIR
(FOR ODD NUMBER CLASS, A TRIAD MAY FORM A GROUP)
GOAL:
• Learners will create an output that discusses one of the elements in
the periodic table.
• Learners of different strand will come up with the following output:
a) Give a brief timeline leading up to the element’s discover
b) Discuss the element’s basic characteristics and uses.
c) Provide a reference list of images or information gathered.
 For ABM, HUMSS and MAD learners
• ROLE: Newspaper writer/reporter
• AUDIENCE: Young and Adult
readers
• SITUATION: A new element was
discovered and you will report
about it.
• PRODUCT: Present the output in
the form of a printed feature
article in a news paper
• Dimensions (8.5 x 11).
 For HA learners
• ROLE: Medical Representative
• AUDIENCE: Doctors and Consumers
• SITUATION: You are going to present
a new medicinal product which will
highlight a particular chosen
element. You may change or create
a new ‘brand name’ for the product
• PRODUCT: Present the output in the
form of a printed brochure
• Dimensions (8.5 x 11). http://img01.deviantart.net/6fac/i/2014/
321/6/2/medical_tri_fold_brochure_by_d
esignhub719-d86phkp.jpg
 Standard: RUBRICS
CATEGORY 4 - Very Good
Graphics - Graphics are all in focus
and the content easily
Clarity viewed and identified
from 6 ft. away.
Graphics - All graphics are related to
the topic and make it
Relevance easier to understand. All
borrowed graphics have a
source citation.
Content - At least 7 accurate facts
are displayed on the
Accuracy poster.
Required The brochure includes all
required elements as well
Elements as additional information.
Attractiveness The brochure is
exceptionally attractive in
terms of design, layout,
and neatness.
1 - Needs
3 -Good 2 - Fair Improvement
Most graphics are in focus and Most graphics are in Many graphics are not clear
the content easily viewed and focus and the content is or are too small.
identified from 6 ft. away. easily viewed and
identified from 4 ft. away.
All graphics are related to the All graphics relate to the Graphics do not relate to
topic and most make it easier to topic. Most borrowed the topic OR several
understand. All borrowed graphics have a source borrowed graphics do not
graphics have a source citation. citation. have a source citation.
5-6 accurate facts are displayed 3-4 accurate facts are Less than 3 accurate facts
on the brochure. displayed on the are displayed on the
brochure. brochure.
All required elements are All but 1 of the required Several required elements
included on the brochure. elements are included on were missing.
the brochure.
The brochure is attractive in The brochure is The brochure is
terms of design, layout and acceptably attractive distractingly messy or very
neatness. though it may be a bit poorly designed. It is not
messy. attractive.
“The more I study science, the more I believe in God.”
– Albert Einstein

“A scientific discovery is also a religious discovery.

There is no conflict between science and religion. Our
knowledge of God is made larger with every discovery
we make about the world.”
– Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.
(1993 Nobel Prize Winner in Physics)

“The Big Bang, which today we hold to be the origin

of the world, does not contradict the intervention of
the divine creator but, rather, requires it. . .
“God is not a divine being or a magician, but the
Creator who brought everything to life. . .
- Pope Francis