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Analysis
Lecture 4
Research Methods
08/10/2014
Goal of Qualitative Data Analysis
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Common Stages of Analysis
• Familiarization with the data through review, reading, listening etc.
• Transcription of tape recorded material.
• Organization and indexing of data for easy retrieval and
identification.
• Anonymizing of sensitive data.
• Coding (or indexing).
• Identification of themes.
• Re-coding.
• Development of provisional categories.
• Exploration of relationships between categories.
• Refinement of themes and categories.
• Development of theory and incorporation of pre-existing knowledge.
• Testing of theory against the data.
• Report writing, including excerpts from original data if appropriate 3
(e.g., quotes from interviews).
Developing Descriptions & Themes
From The Data
• Coding data
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Coding Rules (cont.)
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Sources of Codes
• A priori codes—expected, looked for
• Previous research
• Previous theory
• Research question
• Your intuition of the data or setting
• Grounded codes—discovered
• Suspend ideas about the subject and let the data determine the
codes
8
Coding into Themes
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Example
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Interpreting A Code
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Organising Codes
Researchers tend to approach this organisation in one of
two ways:
• Manual methods
• Notes and interviews are transcribed and transcripts and images
etc. are copied. The researcher then uses folders, filing cabinets,
wallets etc. to gather together materials that are examples of
similar themes or analytic ideas.
• Computer based
• Many analysts now also use dedicated computer assisted
qualitative data analysis packages. Can be tricky to learn and no
point unless your sample size is large. 12
What is A Theme?
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Thematic Analysis
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Themes Characteristics
• Reflect the purpose of the research
17
Inductive vs Deductive Thematic
Analysis (cont.)
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Semantic or Latent Themes
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Semantic or Latent Themes (cont.)
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Conducting and Writing-up
Thematic Analysis
1. Make sure you explicitly state the theoretical
position you are taking in your write up
2. Familiarise yourself with your data
3. Generate initial codes
4. Search for themes
5. Review themes
6. Define and name themes
7. Produce report
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A Six Step Process
1. Familiarizing yourself with your data: Transcribing data (if
necessary), reading and re-reading the data, noting down initial
ideas.
• The transcripts are checked for 'accuracy'.
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Considerations – Aspects of
Qualitative Data (cont.)
• Qualitative data usually cannot be reduced to numbers
• If you are just trying to reduce the data to numbers, have you
properly understood the reasons for doing qualitative research?