TARIFF, POWER FACTOR

AND POWER FACTOR

IMPROVEMENT
 UNDERSTAND TARIFF & POWER
FACTOR CORRECTION

Definition of
The use of tariff
tariff & power
& power factor
factor

TARIFF POWER TARIFF POWER FACTOR

1. Ratio between real
To determine FACTOR Electricity
power (watt) and
payment for To determine the payment scale
electricity used by charged by apparent power (VA)
value of power
consumers and efficiency supplier (TNB)
2. Cosine angle that
separate watt and volt-
ampere
 EXPENSES FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY

Fixed cost Changed Cost

1. Basic expenses that

1. Expenditure depends
need to be removed by
on the amount of
the supplier
energy released
2. Construction of
2. Additional costs of fuel
generators, transmission
and water units,
and distribution,
replacement of plant
Workers’ salaries,
equipment etc.
insurance etc.
 1.Flat
rate

Types of
common
tariffs
2.Two
3.Block
parts
rate
rate
 1. FLAT RATE
- Divide into 2
parts:
lamps & power Calculation:
- Need 2 units of
kilowatt hour Lamps = 100 units x RM0.20
= RM 20.00
meter
Power = 200 units x RM0.25
- More usage, = RM 50.00
more you pay Total = RM 70.00
- Only for small
industries
 • Directly divided into 2 parts
• Use only 1 kilowatt hour meter
• 1st part : maximum demand payment (base on
2. TWO PARTS consumer’s need)
RATE • 2nd part : used power units in a month
• How this tariff is used :
• For big factories/industries

• Max. demand = 4kW x RM12.00

= RM 48.00
Calculation • Units used = 200 units x RM0.07
= RM 14.00
• Total = RM 62.00
 3. BLOCK RATE

How this tariff is used:

= Housing area

Calculation:
1st 100 units = 100 x RM0.20 = RM 20.00
2nd 50 units = 50 x RM0.20 = RM 10.00
Balance 150 units = 150 x RM0.20 = RM 30.00
Total = RM 60.00
 Methods to improve power factor

Various methods to improve power factor

1. PHASE
- Special machines connected in parallel with the motor / tool which can
degrade power factor
- Switched on / off together with the motor / tool
2. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- Bigger size
- Mounted in parallel with the supply bus bars
- the motor can function normally during factor repairs
3. CAPACITOR
- The cheapest and most usable component, does not require a large area, low
temperature rise and loss of power can be ignored
- Installed parallel to the appliance
 DISADVANTAGES FOR LOW POWER
FACTOR
1. The cost of supplying electricity is greater because the voltage
needs to be increased to get the same power with the electricity produced at high
power factor. This involves equipment such as generator, transformer, casting
equipment etc.

2. If the voltage is difficult to raise, then the current should be

increased to obtain the same power with power when the
power factor is high. The size of the cable and the flow rate of the
appliance need to be changed and result in more costs. The loss of copper (I2R) and
voltage drops on the cable (IR) will increase.
3. Then the efficiency of the tool will decrease.
 HOW TO CALCULATE POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION

Example:
A power user uses maximum demand of 250kW for a period of
one year. The rate offered is RM140 per kW maximum demand
per year, plus RM0.20 per unit. Unit used 350000 on one power
factor. Calculate the cost for a year and the average price per
unit.
Solution:
Cost per year = RM (140x250) + (350000x0.20)
= RM (35000) + (70000)
= RM 105000
Average price per units = 105000 / 350000
= RM 0.30