What is RESEARCH?

Careful and systematic study…

to establish
ideas, facts
or
principles…
Science Investigative Project

IMRAD Results and

Discussion
Methodology

Introduction
Science Investigative Project

IMRAD
 Problems

Workshop 1:
• Identify 3 Problems in the Community
• Possible Areas:
– Waste Management
– Environment/ Pollution
– Medicine and Health
– Agriculture
 Problems

Workshop 1:
• Identify Possible Solutions to the Problems
• Discuss the proposed answer/ solution.
Science Investigative Project
and the Quality of Life
 Uses of Research

Determine/ describe an existing

situation
A Quantitative Analysis on the Vitamin C
Content of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Fruits Under Different Ripening Phases
© Palma, 2017
 Uses of Research

Describe a population

The Indigenous Astronomical Knowledge of Ata

and Bukidnon Tribres, Don Salvador Benedicto
© De Oca et al.,, 2015
 Uses of Research

Compare two conditions or groups

of population
Comparative Study of Starch from Cassava
(Manihot esculenta), Potato (Solanum
tuberosum), and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea
batatas) as Material for Bioplastics

© Piñero et al., 2017

 Uses of Research

Determine existence, degree, or

nature of relationship between two
or more factors
A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of
Sugarcane Bagasse, Coconut Coir and Rice Hulls
As Sorbent for Oil Spills

© Parreno et al., 2017

 Uses of Research

Predict the value of a certain

characteristic

Boosting Effect of Aluminum on Wi - fi Internet

Speed and Signal Strength

© Olis , 2017
 Uses of Research

Evaluate and/or compare

effectiveness of an intervention,
treatment or exposure
Antibacterial Activity of Sarisa Tree (Muntingia
calabura) Leaves Extract Against Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli.
© Salhay, 2017 (Bago City Elementary School) – 1st Place Life Science
Individual Category, First Negros Island Region Science Fair
 Research Methods

–Used to determine the

effectiveness of a treatment or an
intervention or the “cause and
effect” relationship of a certain
phenomena under controlled
condition.
Toxicity of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) Bark
Extract on Adult Golden Snail (Pomacea caniculata)
© Duenas, 2017
 Research Methods

Tino - tino (Physalis angulata) Crude Extract as

Potential Bio - molluscicide on Golden Kuhol
© Dorio et al., 2017

Effect of Three Antimocrobial Herbs Against Bread

Spoilage
© Sebonga et al., 2017
Effectiveness of Manunggal (Tinospora crispa Wild),
Chili ( Capsicum Frutescen Linn.) and Salt Mixture as
Substitute for Commercial Termiticides
© Ramirez et al,, 2017
 ResearchMethods
Research Methods

–Used to determine the

characteristics of a group.
–The purpose of a survey is to
get a general picture of the
characteristics of a study
population at a particular time.
 Research Methods

–Used to determine the growth

and development of a group,
organization or institution.
–Information are based on the
past aspects of the group,
organization or institution.
 In research, a problem could be..

Conditions to be improved
The Effects of Guava Leaves Decorated Extracts
in extending the Shell Life of Banana Fruits © Lalap, 2017
Bisol (Xantosoma sagittitfolium) Starch as major
Component of Bio Plastic © Arana et al.,, 2017
Flower Crab ( Portunus pelagicus) Shell as a
Material in Making Tiles © Villas & Lubaton, 2017
 In research, a problem could be..

Difficulties to be eliminated
Toxicity of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
Bark Extract on Adult Golden Snail (Pomacea
caniculata)© Duenas, 2017

Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) as Carbon

Monoxide (CO) Filtering Agent of Motorcycle
Exhaust © Arana et al.,, 2017
 In research, a problem could be..

Questions to be answered
Growth Response of Pechay (Brassica Rapa L.)
to Fermented Fruit Juices Using Pineapple
(Ananas comosus), Mango (Mangifera indica)
and Papaya (Carica Papaya): A Comparative
Study © Montinola et al.,, 2017
Insecticidal Effect of Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa) and Chili (Capsicum fretescens)
Fruit Exract to the Mortality of Red Ants
(Solenopsis invicta) © Laguardia & Manoso, 2017
 In research, a problem could be..

Information gaps to be filled

The Indigenous Astronomical Knowledge of Ata

and Bukidnon Tribres, Don Salvador Benedicto
© De Oca et al.,, 2015
 In research, a problem could be..

Theories to be validated

Improvised Vegetable Preserver With

The Use Of Recyclable Material And
Sand
© Enerlan, 2017 (Cambogui - ot Elementary School,
Candoni) – First Place Winner, Physical Science
Individual Category – First Negros Island Region
Science Fair
 Defining a Research Problem
 Review related literature and
previous studies on the
problem

 Examine current available

data/ statistics
 Defining a Research Problem
 Seek educated opinions from
persons concerned with the
problem

 Determine the probable

reasons/ theories for the
existence of the problem
 Characteristics
of a Good Research Problem
 Relevant Can solve current problems

 Feasible Measurable and Possible

 Clear Reader Friendly

 Ethical Laws and Guidelines

 Steps to Successful Research

• Certain factors affect the research,

including:
–time constraints
–the length of the paper
–the paper's hypothesis or main thesis
statement
–your prior knowledge of the research
subject
Steps to Successful Research: Introduction

• Certain factors affect the research on a

paper, including:
–the style of the paper
–the type and number of sources that
can be used
–and many, many other factors
 Workshop 2:

• From the Workshop 1, Choose one

problem with the suggested solution.

• Identify the Considerations and Factors

that may affect the realization of suggested
solution.
 Writing a Research Title

• Good titles should be from 10 to 12

words, not to exceed 15

Rate of Methane Generation at Various

Composting Media

© Dorio et al., 2017

 Writing a Research Title

• It should answer the question “What

did you study?”

Effectiveness of Curcuma longa (Turmeric)

Extract and Seawater against Lasius niger (Black
Ants)
© Garzon., 2017
 Writing a Research Title

• Clearly identifies the variables to be

investigated
Thickness and Length: Factors Affecting the
Acoustic Performance Evaluation of the
Improvised Audio Amplifier from Rejected
Materials
© Abeto et al., 2017
 Writing a Research Title

• Scientific Names are italicized

Growth Response of Pechay (Brassica Rapa L.)

to Fermented Fruit Juices Using Pineapple
(Ananas comosus), Mango (Mangifera indica)
and Papaya (Carica Papaya): A Comparative
Study © Montinola et al., 2017
 Sample Titles
Improvised Portable Vacuum Cleaner: A
Recycling Innovation © Quisote, 2017
Corkboard Out of Sugarcane (Saccharum
officinarum) Roots and Okra (Hibiscus
esculentus) Vegetable © Duran, 2017
Effect of the Rising Temperature on the
Respiration and Feed Consumption of Tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) © Ayco et al., 2017
A Comparative Study of Broiler Growth Using
Commercial Feeds © Rios et al., 2017
 Remember…

• Your title can be tentative. It can

be modified as soon as you have
finished your research work to
conform with your results.
From the Identified Problem you have
identified and chosen…
• Make a research title based on the
tip discussed…
Remember to apply the 4 tips.. You may
use internet to look for scientific terms…
 3 Kinds of Variables

1) Independent
2) Dependent
3) Controlled
(Constant)
 Example:
• A problem on Improved yield of mushroom
using rice straw and banana (Musa spp.)
peelings
Rice straw
Yield of
mushroom
Banana
peels
 Presentation of Output
FORMAT

dependent independent controlled

 TOPIC 1:
An investigation was done with an
electromagnetic system made from a
battery and wire wrapped around a nail.
Different sizes of nails were used. The
number of paper clips the electromagnet
could pick up was measured.
 TOPIC 2:

How much water flows through a

faucet at different openings?
 TOPIC 3:

• How fast does a candle burn?

 Methodology

The heart of the science investigative project

© Soriano, 2011

Provides sufficient details regarding the procedures

employed in the research so it can be evaluated and
repeated if necessary..
 General
procedure and
Flow Chart

Field Collection
of the Specimen

Preservation of
the Specimen

Identification and
Classification of 46
Specimen
 General Procedure

Be clear to the focus of the research…

Be specific about the means of determining

the data

Be certain that the connection between

the research objectives and the research
method is evident

Be realistic about what can be

accomplished
 Guidelines in Methodology Writing
Uncommon/ unique methods should be
described fully and cited properly.

Research design should be described

briefly and concisely

Method of preparation should be included

Consistency for this section and the results

section is essential to grasp quickly the
relationship
Guidelines in Methodology Writing

IMRAD
 Simple tips for better flow charts

Consistent design elements

Consistency
eliminates ©Torres, 2016
unnecessary
distraction and
makes the data flow
or workflow very
easy to follow
 Simple tips for better flow charts
Keep everything in one page

©Smartdraw, 2017
Simple tips for better flow charts

Flow of Data should be from Left to

Right
 Simple tips for better flow charts
Use a Split Path Instead of a Traditional
Decision Symbol

©Smartdraw, 2017

Symbols are
distracting
 Simple tips for better flow charts
Vertical Flow Chart

In case of return
lines…it shall be
placed on the right
side of the Flow
Diagram
 Simple tips for better flow charts
Horizontal Flow Chart

In case of return lines…it shall be placed

under the under the Flow Diagram

©Smartdraw, 2017
SIP Flowchart

©Torres, 2016
© Marcuelo &
Eusala 2017
© Gonzales, 2015
© Dinero at al.,
2016
Design
 Figure 1:

© Diocson, 2015
Construction
© Diocson, 2015
Operation
© Diocson, 2015
Testing
© Tombrio, 2016
GENERAL PROCEDURE
Bird Urbanization in Downtown Area Bacolod © Dinero et al., 2016
Transect walk
Conduct of a 1.5 Km transect walk in the same station from NOHS going to the
Capitol Lagoon and was regularly traversed during observations in the morning (5:30-
8:30) and late afternoon (15:30-18:30) between July 16, 2016 to September 30, 2016

Bird Count
Birds were identified and counted through their calls or through sighting.

Use of field guides (Kennedy et al. 2000; Fisher and Hicks 2003)
for proper bird identification

Birds were identified by the researcher with the aid of binoculars and bird guides
Bird Urbanization in Downtown Area Bacolod © Dinero et al., 2016

Listing and repeated counting of bird species

until the species discovery curve flattened
(Van Weerd and Der Ploeg 2004).

Photo Documentation of Identified Bird

Species during the survey
 © Gonzales, 2015
Collection of Specimens

• Collection of Specimen from a specific locale

Extraction of Alcohol Oil

• washing and drying of plant specimen oven at 60◦C temperature
• extraction of the plant specimen components through laboratory extraction
process

Coagulation Analysis of the Plant Species

•Subjects
•Extraction of blood from donors
•Observation of coagulation time

Statistical Analysis

• Recording and analysis of data using appropriate statistical tools

 © Paz - Alberto, Castro, Flores, & Romero 2016

Identification of the research stations

• Establishment of Quadrants

Survey, collection, identification, description, classification and observation

Survey, collection, identification, description, classification and observation,

as well as listing of organisms particularly the mollusks, crustaceans, fishes
and macroflora present in all quadrats

Use of guides for proper identification of organisms

FishBase by Froese and Pauly (2006), Philippine Fisheries Profile by BFAR

(2004) and Invasive Aquatic Animals in the Philippines by Guerrero (2002)
for the identification of the aquatic organisms
Authentication
Authentication by fisheries technologists at the Freshwater Aquaculture
Center of Central Luzon State University (CLSU), the National Fisheries
Research and Development Institute, Department of Agriculture, and by a
taxonomist from the Zoology Division of the National Museum
 Establishment of Diversity Index
The number of species, frequency (F), relative
frequency (RF), dominance (Do), relative dominance (RDo), density
(D), relative density (RD), and species importance value (SIV) of each
species were determined (Alberto, 2005; Smith & Smith, 2000). The
formula for the determination of SIV is RF + RDo + RD. The species
diversity of each study area was also computed using the Shannon
Diversity Index (Smith & Smith, 2000)

Assessment of Environmental Disturbances

Assessment of the environmental disturbances affecting the freshwater ecosystems of
identified quadrants surveying the sources and level of impacts of environmental
degradation of the freshwater ecosystems.
© De Oca, Pavilario, Tahan, Songaling & Stoodley, 2016
© De Oca, Pavilario, Tahan, Songaling & Stoodley, 2016
Field Collection, Storage and Preservation Procedures

• The integrity of the sample/specimen is dependent on strict

adherence to standard operating procedures …
• Proper preservation practices must be followed…
• Samples requiring preservation should be preserved as soon
as possible after collection to maintain the integrity of the
sample…
• Slows down the biological and chemical changes that
inevitably continue after the sample is collected
• All samples are disposed in an environmentally sound manner
• Samples that contain solvents are evaporated in a fume hood
unless the vapors create an environmental concern.
© RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc.
Guidelines for Preservation of Specimens
To support the procedures we can
Cite Protocols…

© Gonzales, 2015
Identifying Specimens
Presenting Methodology in a Science Investigative
Project

12 – Font Size
© Tombrio 2016
Create a systematic approach on how to solve a
problem... Present your procedure using a flow
chart..