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Typical Absorber
Effluent Air
Solvent (water) 70 ppm (molar) acetone
1943 kgmol / hr
Packed Tower
Tray 1
Tray N
LN, Lm, xN, XN
GN+1, Gm, yN+1, YN+1
The “Theoretical” Stage
LN-1, Lm, xN-1, XN-1 GN, Gm, yN, YN
4 CO2 Tray 1
200/4 80/8
4 CO2 Tray 3
200/12 80/16
4 CO2 Tray 4
y N 1 m xo 1 1
log 1
y1 mxo A A L
N where : A
log A mG
Lo, xo G1,y1
Tray 1
Tray N
Lo, xo G1,y1
Tray 1
Tray N
Random Packing
Structured Packing
Fair, J.R., Seibert, A.F., Behrens, M., Saraber, P.P., and Olujic, Z. “Structured Packing
Performance-Experimental Evaluation of Two Predictive Models ”,Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. 39 (6), 1788-1796 (2000).
Structured Packing
Area = S
Mass Balance
V dy K y a y y *
Change in gas
dZ = Flux out of gas
composition
Design Equations
L' L (1 x) and V ' V (1 y )
y dy dy
d (V y ) V ' d V ' V
1 y (1 y ) 2 (1 y )
y1 V dy Mass
Z '
y 2 K aS (1 y )( y y * )
y
(1 y ) (1 y * ) cDAB ( y A1 y A2 )
(1 y ) LM NA
z 2 z1 (1 y A ) LM
ln (1 y ) *
(1 y )
1 1 m
K y k y kx
Onda, K., Takeuchi, H., Okumato, Y., “Mass Transfer Coefficients Between Gas
and Liquid Phases in Packed Columns,” Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan,
1, 56 (1968).
Onda Equations
0.70
1 G
k y 5.23 ScG 1/ 3 aP d P 2
aP DAB aP G
1/ 3 2/3
L
k x L 0.0051 ScL 1/ 2 aP d P 0.40
g L aw L
0 .1
0.05 0.2
0.75
2 2
1.45 c L L a P L
aw aP 1 exp
a
aP L L g
2
L P
Vout = 62 lbmol/hr
Lin = 488 lbmol/hr 3.2 mol % NH3
35
NTUOG
30
95 % NH3 removal
0.40(1 y ) LM dy
Area
25
3.44
0.032 (1 y )( y y * )
20
15
10
Vin = 100 lbmol/hr 5
40 mol % NH3
y
NTUOG Calculation
(log mean approximation)
NTU OG
yin yout
yin yin* yout yout
*
y y *
ln in in
*
yout yout
RSR-#0.5
1" SS Pall Rings
IMTP-40
20
IMTP-40
15
HETP ( in )
RSR-#0.5
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
f-Factor ( ft/s(lb/ft^3)^0.5 )
Packed Absorber Example
Solvent (water)
Effluent Air (y1 = 0.004)
2.2 kmol / sec
xo = 0
Data:
yi = 40 xi Packed Tower
kx = 0.0176 kmol /m2 sec CSA = 1.5 m2
ky = 0.0080 kmol / m2 sec
aw = 100 m2 / m3
Find: NOG, HOG, Z
2) Stichlmair model
Pressure Drop Behavior
Pressure Drop Results
24.0 psia - C6/C7
10
RSR-#0.5
1" SS Pall Rings
IMTP-40
1" SS Pall Rings
1
DP/Z ( in H2O/ft )
RSR-#0.5
0.1 IMTP-40
0.01
0.1 1 10
f-Factor ( ft/s(lb/ft^3)^0.5 )
Pressure Drop (Leva) Plot
Figure 6.35 (a) Generalized pressure drop correlation for packed columns.
(b) Correction for liquid density. (c) Correction for liquid viscosity.
Packing Factors
Stichlmair Model
2C
h 3
1 1
DPIrr
2
DPirr
(1 )
h ho 1 20
L
Z g
DPDry
4.65
h
1
C1 C d pVg g 61
fo 21 C3 Re g dp
Re g Re 2 g a
g
3 1 Z 2
DPDry f o 4.65 g Vg
4 dP
Stichlmair Model (flood point)
DPIrr
Infinite pressure drop at the flood point
DPDry
2c
2 40 ho
DPIrr 3 186 ho
0
Z L g flood
2 2
DPIrr DPIrr
1 ho 1 20 ho 1 20
Z
L flood
g
L flood
Z g
Stichlmair Constants
Example
A tower packed with 1 in. Ceramic Intalox saddles is to be built to
treat 25,000 ft3/ hr of entering gas. The ammonia content of the
entering gas is 2 percent by volume. Ammonia-free water is used as
the absorbent. The temperature is 68 F and the pressure is 1 atm.
The ratio of the gas flow to the liquid flow is 1 lb of gas per lb of liquid.
The tower diameter is 1.67 ft.
Using both the Leva plot and the Stichlmair correlation determine the
total tower pressure drop if the tower packed height is 20 feet.
10 Minute Problem
An air-water test is being run on a 10 foot bed of 1
inch (25 mm) metal Pall rings. The air rate is 350 ft3 /
min and the liquid rate is 15 GPM / ft2. The tower is
16.8 inches in diameter, the operating pressure is 1
atm and the temperature is 80 F. What is the total
column pressure drop?
Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Power N2 H2O
CO2 + N2 + H2O
Boiler / Generator CO2
CO2 Recovery
Trace
Components
Coal Air (O2 + N2)
Underground Formation
Absorption with Chemical Reaction
Flue Gas Out CO2
Flue Gas In
5 % O2
Reboiler
12 % CO2
83 % N2
Rich Amine Lean Amine
Commercial Process Configuration
Mass Transfer with Fast Reaction
CO2 + 2MEA = MEACOO- + MEAH+
Mass Transfer with Fast Chemical Reaction
(CO2 + MEA)
H CO 2
MEA (monoethanolamine)