Introduction

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 Database Structures DB structures
- Memory
- Process
- Storage

Memory structures Instance

System Global Area (SGA)

Process structures
Background processes

Storage structures Database files

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 Oracle Memory Structures DB
. structures
> Memory
Process
Storage

Server Server
Background
process PGA process PGA PGA
process
1 2

SGA

Shared pool Streams pool Large pool

Database Redo log

Java pool
buffer cache buffer

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 Process Structures DB structures
Memory
> Process
Storage

Instance
PGA
SGA
User process Server
process
Background
processes

• User process: Is started at the time a database

user requests a connection to the Oracle server
• Server process: Connects to the Oracle instance
and is started when a user establishes a session
• Background processes: Are started when an
Oracle instance is started
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 Oracle Instance Management
SGA

Shared pool Streams pool Large pool

Database Redo log

Java pool
buffer cache buffer

System Process Database

LogWriter
Monitor Monitor Writer Archive
(LGWR)
(SMON) (PMON) (DBWn) log files

Checkpoint Control Archiver

(CKPT) files
Data Redo log (ARCn)
files files

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 Physical Database Structure DB structures
.
Memory
Process
> Storage

Control files Data files Online redo log files

Parameter file Backup files Archive log files

Password file Alert and trace log files

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 Tablespaces and Data Files

• Tablespaces consist of one or more data files.

• Data files belong to only one tablespace.

Data file 1 Data file 2

USERS tablespace

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 SYSTEM and SYSAUX Tablespaces

• The SYSTEM and SYSAUX tablespaces are

mandatory tablespaces.
• They are created at the time of database creation.
• They must be online.
• The SYSTEM tablespace is used for core
functionality (for example, data dictionary tables).
• The auxiliary SYSAUX tablespace is used for
additional database components (such as the
Enterprise Manager Repository).

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 Segments, Extents, and Blocks

• Segments exist within a tablespace.

• Segments are made up of a collection of extents.
• Extents are a collection of data blocks.
• Data blocks are mapped to disk blocks.

Segment Extents Data Disk

blocks blocks

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 Logical and Physical Database Structures

Logical Physical

Database

Schema Tablespace Data file

Segment

Extent

Oracle data
OS block
block

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 Course Examples: The HR Schema
REGIONS
REGION_ID (PK)
REGION_NAME

JOBS
COUNTRIES JOB_ID (PK)
COUNTRY_ID (PK) JOB_TITLE
COUNTRY_NAME MIN_SALARY JOB_HISTORY
REGION_ID (FK) MAX_SALARY EMPLOYEE_ID (PK)
START_DATE (PK)
END_DATE
JOB_ID (FK)
LOCATIONS EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENT_ID (FK)
LOCATION_ID (PK) EMPLOYEE_ID (PK)
STREET_ADDRESS FIRST_NAME
POSTAL_CODE LAST_NAME
CITY EMAIL
STATE_PROVINCE PHONE_NUMBER
COUNTRY_ID (FK) HIRE_DATE
JOB_ID (FK)
SALARY
COMMISION_PCT
DEPARTMENTS MANAGER_ID (FK)
DEPARTMENT_ID (PK) DEPARTMENT_ID (FK)
DEPARTMENT_NAME
MANAGER_ID
LOCATION_ID (FK)

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 Database Architecture:
Summary of Structural Components

• Memory structures:
– System Global Area (SGA): Database buffer cache,
redo buffer, and various pools
– Program Global Area (PGA)
• Process structures:
– User process and Server process
– Background processes: SMON, PMON, DBWn,
CKPT, LGWR, ARCn, and so on
• Storage structures:
– Logical: Database, schema, tablespace, segment,
extent, and Oracle block
– Physical: Files for data, parameters, redo, and OS
block
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 Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Install, create, and administer Oracle Database 10g
• Configure the database for an application
• Employ basic monitoring procedures
• Implement a backup and recovery strategy
• Move data between databases and files

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