CYCLOTRON

CONTENTS
1)What is cyclotron
2)Invention
3)Details Of it
4)Types of Cyclotron
5)Uses of cyclotron
6)Limitations
 What is cyclotron?
It is An apparatus in which charged
atomic and subatomic particles are
accelerated by an alternating
electric field while following an
outward spiral or circular
path in a magnetic field.
 The First Cyclotron!!!
It Was invented by Ernest Orlando
Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27,
1958) who was a pioneering
American nuclear scientist, winner of
the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1939
for the.
 Cyclotron Frequency
c
The cyclotron frequency of a
charged particle in a uniform
magnetic field B is related to its
mass m and charge q by
relationship
C= qB/m.
Construction of Cyclotron
This device basically has three main constructional
parts
1. Large sized electromagnet to
create uniform magnetic field in
between its two face-to-face placed
magnetic opposite poles.
2. Two low height hollow half cylinders
made of high conductive metals. These
components of cyclotron are called
Dees

3. A high-frequency alternating high

voltage source.
Constructional Details
Circular path of radius
R=mV/qB

Time period of circular motion

T=2𝝅m/qB

Frequency
f=qB/2𝝅𝒎
Types of Cyclotrons
1. Uniform Field Cyclotron

It was the first accelerator to generate

multi-Mev particle beams for nuclear
physics research.
Resonant accelaration in the uniform
field cyclotron depends on the
constancy of the non-relativistic
gyrofrequency.The energy limit for light
ion beams is about 15-20Mev.
2. Azimuthally Varying Field(AVF)

The AVF cyclotron is a major improvement

over the uniform-field cyclotron. With
proper choice of focusing elements and
field index variation , the magnetic field
variation balances the relativistic mass
increase , resulting in a constant-revolution
frequency . An additional advantage of AVF
cyclotron is the stronger vertical focusing
allows higher beam intensity . AVF
3. Separated Sector Cyclotron

It is a special case of the AVF cyclotron

. The azimuthal field variation results
from splitting the bending magnet into
a number of sectors . The advantages
are (1)modular magnet construction
and (2)the ability to locate rf feeds and
acceleration gaps between sectors . But
its design is complicated by the fact
4. Spiral Cyclotron

The pole inserts in a spiral cyclotron

have spiral boundaries . Spiral shaping
is used in both standard AVF and
separated-sector machines . In spiral
cyclotron , ion orbits have an
inclination at the boudaries of high
field regions.
5. Super Conducting Cyclotron

In super conducting cyclotron,

magnetizing force is supplied by super
conducting coils, which consume little
power, Super conducting cyclotrons are
typically compact machines because
they are operated at high fields, well
above the saturation level of iron poles.
6. Synchrotron

A synchrocyclotron is a cyclotron in
which the frequency of the driving
electric field is varied to compensate
for relativistic effects as the particles'
velocity begins to approach the speed
of light.
 Uses of Cyclotron
1 .A cyclotron is a type of compact
particle accelerator used to produce
quantities of radioactive isotopes called
positron emitters. Stable, non-
radioactive isotopes are put into
theusecyclotron
2.It whichfieldaccelerates
mainly in medical for
charged
cancer particlestreatment
diagnosis to high purpose
energy in a
magnetic field
3.Important research tools in nuclear
physics
 Limitations
1 . Cannot accelerate the neutral
particles
2. Not useful in acceleration of
electrons
3. With increased velocity , the beam
get out of the phase with the
oscillating
Electric field
THANK YOU