Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1 Airborne Pathogens
• Aerosols are important for person-to-person
transmission of many infectious diseases
9
8
Pertussis (incidence per
7
100,000 population)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Year
100,000 population
30
25 Vaccine
Cases per
20 400 licensed
15 200
10
0
5 1965197019751980 1985
0
1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012
Measles
7
100,000 population
6
150
5
Cases per
100
4
50
3
0
2 19651970197519801985
1
0
1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012
Mumps
0.7
100,000 population
0.6
20
Cases per
0.5
0.4 10
0.3
0
0.2 1960 19651970197519801985
0.1
0.0
1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012
Rubella
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
33.6 Viruses and Respiratory Infections
• Chicken pox (varicella)
– Common childhood disease characterized by a
systemic papular rash
– Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a
herpesvirus
– VZV is highly contagious and transmitted by
infectious droplets
– A vaccine is presently used in the U.S.
HA trimer
Lipid bilayer
M protein
NA tetramer
RNA
NP
PA, PB1, PB2
Infection with
Infection human virus
with
bird virus Infection
with
Reassortment reassortant
of human and virus
bird virus
Country of origin
Countrywide epidemic
Localized outbreaks
Routes of spread
15 Hepatitis B
population
Hepatitis C
10
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
300
Gonorrhea
200
100
Penicillin
0
1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Mature
form
Budding
particles
HIV gp120 protein binds CD4 Interaction of the The viral envelope The nucleocapsid
receptor and CCR5 receptor virus with a receptor– and host membrane is inserted into
coreceptor pair on coalesce the host cell,
the host cell beginning the
viral infection
Nucleocapsid
HIV
gp 120
CD4
CCR5
Target
cell
Nucleus
Interaction of HIV with a Fusion of the HIV envelope with the host cell
host cell
900 106
Normal 800
range
for T cells 700
CD4 HIV
T cells 600 104 RNA
per 500 copies
mm3 of per
Significantly blood 400 ml
depressed
T cells 300 Death 102
200
Severe
T cell 100
depletion 0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84
Time (months) after HIV exposure