Detailing & Constructability Issues

Chord and collector reinforcement is placed around diaphragm mid-depth.

OPENINGS
• Diaphragm openings smaller than approximately twice the slab thickness are reinforced with
only the displaced reinforcement, but at least one bar on any side.
• Around large openings or other discontinuities, confinement reinforcement (ties) should be
placed around the chord bars surrounding the opening

• Chords at openings need to resist axial forces acting in the plane of

the diaphragm and forces due to the moment.
ACI 12.7.2 Reinforcement spacing
• The minimum clear spacing between bars is the greatest of 1 in., one bar diameter db, and (4/3)
maximum aggregate size dagg (ACI 318-14, Section 25.2).
• The maximum spacing is the lesser of 18 in. and five times the diaphragm thickness (ACI 318-14,
Section 12.7.2.2).
• To properly transfer forces between the diaphragm and columns or walls, chord bar splices should
be Type 2
Reinforcement spacing in higher seismic zones
Collector and chord reinforcement requirements in SDCs D through F for splice and anchorage
zones:
Collector reinforcement extended into shear wall
Collector parallel to a shear wall

Collector reinforcement must comply with Section

20.2.1of ACI318-14 with two exceptions:
(a)Collector or chord reinforcement placed within beams
must satisfy ASTM A706/706M, Grade 60. Reinforcement
complying with ASTM A615/A615M is permitted if:
i)Actual yield strength does not exceed fy: 60,000 psi by
more than 18,000 psi (ACI 318-14, Section 20.2.2.5)
ii)Actual tensile strength is at least 1.25 times the actual
yield strength (ACI 318-14, Section 20.2.2.5)
(b)If bonded tendons are used to resist collector forces,
diaphragm shear, or flexural tension, then the design yield
stress for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement is
limited to the smaller of the specified yield strength or
60,000 psi (ACI 3 I 8-14, Section 12.5.1.5).
ACI 12.5.3.7 Shear transfer from diaphragm to collector
For any diaphragm, where shear is transferred from the diaphragm to a collector, or from the
diaphragm or collector to a vertical element of the lateral-force-resisting system, (a) or (b) shall
apply:
(a) Where shear is transferred through concrete, the shear friction provisions of 22.9 shall be
satisfied.
(b) Where shear is transferred through mechanical connectors or dowels, effects of uplift and
rotation of the vertical element of the lateral-force-resisting system shall be considered.
Collector reinforcement to moment frame
For connections to lateral-moment-resisting frames, collector longitudinal bars need to extend at
least ld into the frame. Additional reinforcement in the frame's beams could be necessary to
transfer the force to other columns of the resisting frame
Irregular diaphragms
Discontinuous balcony

For both cases especially in cold climates

where freezing and thawing could result in
concrete cracking and exposing bars to
moisture, which may result in deterioration of
bars, chord reinforcement is recommended to
be placed in line with the exterior frame.

Continuous balcony
Irregular diaphragms as shown in (a) and (b) can have chord reinforcement placed either around the
perimeter of the diaphragm configuration (a) or within the core of the diaphragm (b)
ACI Chapter 18
Section 18.12

High seismic zones

Collectors and chords in SDC
D through F reinforced with
transverse confinement
reinforcement.
Collector and Chord Detailing
• Connections of collector reinforcement to vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system
are often congested regions.
• Designers should study these connections in detail to ensure adequate space exists.
• In many cases, increased slab thickness or beams are required to accommodate reinforcement
detailing at the connections.
• Long collectors can have significant displacements that may be incompatible with assumptions
• Providing confinement reinforcement can also increase the ductility of the concrete , but will not
help with incompatible deformations

• Redesigning the force transfer system

should also be considered.
• Collector (or chord) reinforcement is can be
placed within the beam.
• Beam transverse reinforcement can also
serve as collector (or chord) confinement.
• Designating layers within the slab depth for
the diaphragm reinforcement and the post-
tensioned strands is an effective method of
minimizing conflict.
• Welded wire fabric is not generally used for
diaphragm reinforcement in cast-in-place
slabs because the reinforcement provided
for gravity support uses standard reinforcing
bars.
Confinement and mechanical splices

Confinement Mechanical Splices

• Around openings or other discontinuities
• Check congestion (width)
• Try to provide confinement to improve
connection.
• Large diameter bar are spliced with mechanical
couplers (≥ #14)
• Mechanical splices are required to be Type 2
Conduits and Embedded Services.

Embedded conduit. Conflict between the location of collector

reinforcing with a nonstructural component.
Construction Joints
• Construction joints create weakened planes within a diaphragm
• Impact development and splices of reinforcement
• Shear-friction reinforcement can be provided across construction joints if necessary to maintain
continuity of the diaphragm in shear
DESIGN EXAMPLE
• DATA
• Geometry
Bays are 14’-0” by 36’-0”
Columns: 24”x24”
Slab thickness: h=7”
Shear wall thickness: tw=12”
Perimeter beams: WxH=18”x30”
• Material properties
fc’=5000psi
fy=60000 psi
• Seismic criteria
Site Class: D
Ss=0.15 (ASCE 7-10, fig 22-1)
S1=0.08 (ASCE 7-10, fig 22-2)
TL=12 (ASCE 7-10, fig 22-12)
R=4 (ASCE 7-10, T12.2-1) Ordinary reinforced shear wall along column lines 1 and 7
R=5 (ASCE 7-10, T12.2-1) Intermediate moment frame along column lines A and F
Building assigned to: Seismic design category (SCD) B
• Wind criteria
Building risk category: II ASCE 7-10 T1.5-1
Importance, Iw=1 (ASCE 7-10, T1.5-2)
Wind Speed = 115mph (ASCE 7-10, fig 26.5-1A)
Kd = 0.85 (ASCE 7-10, T26.6-1)
Exposure category C (ASCE 7-10, section 26.7)
Flat surface: Kzt= 1 (ASCE 7-10, Section 26.8)
Enclosed building: Gcpi=0.18

• SOLUTION
• Check slab geometry
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 218 𝑓𝑡
(ASCE 12.3.1.2) ≤3 = 2.8 Therefore it is a rigid diaphragm
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 78 𝑓𝑡
ACI 12.3.1 Minimum diaphragm thickness
Makes reference to ACI 7.3.1.1, satisfy the minimum one way slab thickness.
Ln=14’
Min Thickness for exterior panels Ln/24 and for interior panels Ln/28 hmin = 7”
• Lateral forces
Noth - South (N-S): 81 kip
East - West (E-W): 116 kip

• Center of Mass (COM)

Moment area around column line F
78′ ∗ 218′ ∗ 37′ − 36′ ∗ 14′ ∗ 42′
𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑚 = = 36.8′
78′ ∗ 218′ − 36′ ∗ 14′
Moment area around column line 1
216′
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑚 = = 108'
2
• Center of rigidity (COR)
Lateral resisting systems are symmetrical about both axes.
216′
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑟 = = 108'
2
78′
𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑟 = − 1′ =38'
2
∆𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑟 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 38′ − 36.8′ = 1.2′
• Accidental torsion ASCE 7-10 (Min. 5% of the building dimension perpendicular to the direction of
seismic forces in addition to the actual eccentricity is considered, referred to as accidental eccentricity)
ex = ±(0.05)(218’) = ±10.9’ ey = ±(0.05)(78’) = ±3.9’
• Lateral Stiffness
Wall Stiffness in N-S direction
∆= ∆𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒 + ∆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
• Lateral Resisting forces
• Check for shear force
ACI 12.5.3.3 𝑉𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑣(2𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 + 𝜌𝑡 ∗ 𝑓𝑦) ACI 12.5.3.2 & ACI 21.2.4.2 ØVn Ø=0.75
Shear strength E-W direction
Vn = (218’)(12”/ft)(7”)(2*1* 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖+0) = 2590 kip
ØVn = 0.75*2590kip = 1940 kip >> Fu = 58.1 kip
Shear strength N-S direction
Vn = (72’)(12”/ft)(7”)(2*1* 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖+0) = 855 kip
ØVn = 0.75*855kip = 641 kip >> Fu = 44.5 kip
• Diaphragm lateral force distribution N-S
Design force: 81 kip
ACI 12.4.2.4 Find qL and qR
Force equilibrium
𝐿 𝐿
𝑞𝐿 + 𝑞𝑅 = 𝐹𝑝𝑥
2 2
218 218
𝑞𝐿 + 𝑞𝑅 = 81 𝑘𝑖𝑝 (𝐼)
2 2

Moment equilibrium
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿
𝑞𝐿 + 𝑞𝑅 = 𝐹𝑝𝑥 + 0.05𝐿
2 3 2 3 2
218 218 218 2∗218 280
𝑞𝐿 + 𝑞𝑅 = 81 + 10.9 (𝐼𝐼)
2 3 2 3 2

Solving eq (I) and (II):

𝑞𝐿 = 0.25 kip/ft
𝑞𝑅 = 0.49 kip/ft

Mmax @ x = 114.45 ft
• Chord reinforcement N-S
ACI 12.5.2.3 Chord tension reinforcement located at h/4 of the
tension edge
h/4 = 72’/4 = 18’
Place reinforcement at 2ft from north and south edges.
Chord force
𝑀𝑢 2213 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑇𝑢 = = = 31.1 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝐵 − 2𝑓𝑡 72𝑓𝑡 − 2𝑓𝑡
• Chord forces @ opening
Force at east and west ends of opening
𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑘𝑖𝑝
0.25𝑘𝑖𝑝 0.49 𝑓𝑡 −0.25 𝑓𝑡 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑞′𝐿 = + ∗ 91𝑓𝑡 = 0.35
𝑓𝑡 218 𝑓𝑡
𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑘𝑖𝑝
0.25𝑘𝑖𝑝 0.49 −0.25 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑞′𝑅 = + ∗ 127𝑓𝑡 = 0.39
𝑓𝑡 218 𝑓𝑡

Force north of opening

𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑞′𝐿𝑁 = 0.38 ∗ 0.35 = 0.13
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑞′𝑅𝑁 = 0.38 ∗ 0.39 = 0.15
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡

Force south of opening

𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑞′𝐿𝑆 = 0.62 ∗ 0.35 = 0.22
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑞′𝑅𝑁 = 0.62 ∗ 0.39 = 0.24
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
Moment diagram of sections at opening Secondary chord forces 1ft @each end of opening
𝑀𝑢
𝑇𝑢@𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐷
Secondary chord forces @ North of opening
𝑘𝑖𝑝
15 𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑢@𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 0.7 𝑘𝑖𝑝
21 𝑓𝑡

Secondary chord forces @ South of opening

𝑘𝑖𝑝
25
𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑢@𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 0.7 𝑘𝑖𝑝
35 𝑓𝑡

ACI 12.5.1.1 & 22.4.3.1 Required reinforcement

𝜙𝑇𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝑇𝑢
700 𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 0.9 ∗60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 0.01 𝑖𝑛2
Diaphgarm edge
Total force
Tu = Tu1 + Tu2 = 31.1 kip +0.7 kip = 31.8 kip ≈ 32 kip.
Chord Reinforcement
ACI 12.5.1.1 & 22.4.3.1 Required reinforcement

𝜙𝑇𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝑇𝑢
32000 𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 0.9 ∗60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 0.59 𝑖𝑛2 use 2#5’s rebars (As = 0.62 𝑖𝑛2 )

ACI 18.12.7.5 compression stress limit of 0.2 f’c

Required chord width
𝐶𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑
𝑤𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 >
0.2 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ℎ𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑚

32000 𝑙𝑏
𝑤𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 > = 4.6𝑖𝑛
0.2 ∗ 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 7𝑖𝑛
2ft used at the beginning is ok.
• Collector reinforcement N-S
Fu = 44.5 kip ACI 12.5.4.1
In diaphragm Vu = 44.5 kip / 72 ft = 0.62 kip/ft
In wall Vu = 44.5 kip / 28 ft = 1.59 kip/ft

ACI 12.5.1.1 & 22.4.3.1 Required reinforcement

𝜙𝑇𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝑇𝑢
13600 𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 0.2 ∗60000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 0.25 𝑖𝑛2 use 2#5’s
Minimum chord width
ACI 18.12.7.5 check compression stress limit of 0.2 f’c
𝐶𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑
𝑤𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 >
0.2 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ℎ𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑚

13600 𝑙𝑏
𝑤𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 > = 1.9𝑖𝑛
0.2 ∗ 5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 7𝑖𝑛
Use 12 in wide collector, same width as shear wall.
Check slab shear strength along shear walls
ACI 12.5.3.3 Ø 𝑉𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐𝑣(2𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐) ACI 21.2.4.2 Ø=0.75
Ø 𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 2 ∗ 1 ∗ 5000 ∗ 28𝑓𝑡 ∗ 12"/𝑓𝑡 ∗ 7"
Ø 𝑉𝑐 = 249 𝑘𝑖𝑝
Ø 𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢
249 kip > 44.5 kip OK
Details
Detailing