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Payzone Intersection Options

• Borehole across payzone


deviated : reservoir is thick
highly laminated
permeability ratio is high (kv / kh)

horizontal : reservoir is thin


there is a gas cap, or
underlying aquifier
thick reservoir with low permeability ratio
(kv / kh)

• Drill the lateral normal to natural fracture plane

• Length of lateral

Internal Use Only


Intersecting Vertical Fractures

Well A Well B

Fracture orientations
must be known N

Drill the lateral perpendicular


to known fracture direction direction of
and intersect multiple fractures the lateral
(horizontal)

Internal Use Only


Pilot Hole For Optimising
Wellbore Placement
Geological Correlation

Gas

Optimized Placement
of Completion
Identification
of Formation and
Fluid Interfaces Oil

Water

Internal Use Only


A Well Planned Development
A-6 A-2

A-4
A-3

A-1 A-9

Slot in use or planned for use


Spare slot
A-8 Well location at fixed depth
(say 500 ft bMSL)
Drilled well path
A-5 A-7 Planned well path

Internal Use Only


A Poorly Planned Development
A-1 A-5
A-4 Slot in use or planned for use
Spare slot
Well location at fixed depth
(say 500 ft bMSL)
Drilled well path
Planned well path

A-3

A-2

Internal Use Only


Typical Slot-To-Target Allocation

Spare slot
sp.
A9
A6
sp. A8
A3 sp.
A1
A10 A4
A5 A2
A7
sp.
sp.

Well locations at
SSSV depth
(showing no-go area) Slot with target or drilling
sequence number

Internal Use Only


7

Cilindro de Viajes
ME
7/2
0/2
01
8
Norte

– Viaja junto con la perforacion


del pozo
– Indica la distancia con los otros
pozos
– Referida al Norte Verdadero

Internal Use Only


What are Drilling Uncertainties / Errors?
Three basic sources for errors:
Depth Errors (MD), Inclination Errors (Inc), Azimuth Errors (Az)
Since we measure MD Inc and Az, then each of these measurements will have an intrinsic inaccuracy

This point defined by summating


trigonometric functions for
Measured Depth, Inclination, and
Azimuth Readings from a defined
start point X,Y,Z

MD: Along hole depths


Inclination: Degrees from vertical (Earth’s Gravitational field)
Azimuth: Degrees from NORTH, (Earth’s Magnetic Field)
Three basic sources for errors:
Depth Errors (MD), Inclination Errors (Inc), Azimuth Errors (Az)
Since we measure MD Inc and Az, then each of these measurements will have an intrinsic inaccuracy

How do these Three Error sources turn into an Ellipsoid?


• Depth Errors (usually small) give rise, mostly, to TVD errors.
• Inclination Errors(moderate) give rise, mostly, to “Minor Azimuth” Errors.
• Azimuth Errors (usually significant) give rise, mostly, to Lateral, or Major Azimuth Errors.

HOWEVER, once the wellbore geometry becomes complex then the correlation between
these is lost, and the ellipsoid is affected by the three error sources in a combined fashion
The Size of the Ellipsoid

Lateral Error
(Major Azimuth)

TVD
(Vertical Azimuth)

Inclination Error
(Minor Azimuth)

What affects the size of an Ellipsoid of Uncertainty?


• The Survey Tool or combination of Tools used to measure MD, Inc, Az.
• The Wellbore Geometry
• The global location of the well
• The Statistical Confidence required to locate the wellbore
Statistical Confidence?!
The Confidence Level / Sigma Value
Frequency

1 S.D. ~ 65% of all results

2 S.D. ~ 95% of all results

3 S.D. ~ 99%
of all results

3 S.D. 2 S.D. 1 S.D. 1 S.D. 2 S.D. 3 S.D.


Measurement

1 Standard Deviation
From The Mean

A 2 Sigma (S.D.) Ellipse will describe


a volume which the wellbore will be
inside 95% of the time
•What are CONFIDENCE LEVELS in relation to Drilling Uncertainties?
Confidence Levels (also known as Sigma Values) are statistical values determining
how surely we can classify a well as being inside an ellipsoid. For instance we can
say “The well is at position X,Y,Z or inside an ellipsoid E2 to a confidence of 95%”. In
other words, “I am 95% sure the well is inside this ellipsoid”. If we need to be 99%
Confident about where the well is located we need to draw a BIGGER ellipsoid.

You will get different sizes for your Ellipse, even


though your Well Plan and your Survey Program
remain constant, depending upon what
CONFIDENCE LEVEL you choose to report for your
errors.

Confidence Levels are also known as


SIGMA VALUES, as they are reported as
“Standard Deviations From The Mean”
Porque Preocuparnos por Colision de
Pozos?
 Seguridad – Nadie quiere morir
 Medio Ambiente – Mantener el planeta para

Schlumberger Private
proximas generaciones
 Reputacion – Credibilidad y Confianza
 Economicas – Perdida del pozo, Produccion,
Equipo, etc
 Estrategicas – Perdida de Permisos y Licencias

15 HME
7/20/2018
Causas para la Colision de Pozos

 Compromiso de la Gerencia – Recursos y Entrenemiento


 Fallas Humanas

Schlumberger Private
 Malas practicas, procedimientos y reportes
 Planificacion Pobre o Insuficiente
 Falta de Comunicacion
 Base de Datos de Surveys Pobre
– Combinacion de Datos
 Aplicacion Incorrecta de la Incertidumbres de Surveys
 Falta de reconocimiento de los eventos de perforacion
16 HME
7/20/2018
Razones Mas Comunes
 Por Partes de los Operadores – Ahorrar Dinero y/o no se
reconoce el riesgo
– El impacto es considerado como bajo riesgo
– Nadie sabe que hacer con los Surveys toados en pozos

Schlumberger Private
antiguos
– Giroscopicos signfican solo un gasto adicional , no existe
mitigacion de riesgos
– Depende de la Cia Direccional el cuidar este aspecto
 Contratista
– El cliente no quiere seguir los procedimientos
– Riesgo no es entendido y/o comunicado al cliente
– No guia al cliente en decisiones tomadas en base a riesgos
– Procedimientos no son entendidos o se esta muy ocupado
17 HME
para aplicarlos
7/20/2018
Gerenciamiento de Riesgos

 Entender los siguientes puntos:


– Gerenciamiento de Surveys
• Programa de Surveys

Schlumberger Private
• Analisis de Elipses de Incertidumbre (EOU)
– Nudge
– Anti-colision
– Seguir Operaciones Estandar (Ejem: Se tiene que
tomar surveys en el conductor antes de empezar a
perforar el pozo)
– Mitigacion de Riesgos

18 HME
7/20/2018
Tecnicas de Anti-Colision
 Definir un Estandar de Surveys
 Base de Datos de Surveys Definitivas
 Usar Cilindros de Viajes mientras se realiza un Nudge

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 Factor de Separacion Orientado para reconocer el riesgo
 Referencias comunes
 El plan final deber permitir la perforacion del pozo, con el
menor riesgo posible y sin ningun hecho relacionado a la
seguridad
 Diseno de las Sartas, requerimiento de DC’s
antimagneticos,, gerenciamiento de surveys, etc
 Plan de Contingencia

19 HME
7/20/2018
Herramientas de Ejecucion de AC

 Graficos de Campo (Plan, Grafico Aranas, Cilindro de


Viajes)

Schlumberger Private
 Programa Direccional – Identificar Riesgos
 Uso del DDToolBox en el equipo
 Calculo del Factor de Separacion Orientado Mientras se
Perfora
 Comunicacion si existe alguna variacion en la ejecucion
del plan
 Administracion de la Base de Datos Definitiva de Surveys
20 HME
7/20/2018
Incertidumbre de Surveys

La Incertidumbre Posicional de los Pozos es generada como


resultado de:

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 Inclinacion y Rumbo – Especificaciones de la Herramienta
 Profundidad – Errores en la profundidad medida y vertical
 Referencias – Errores que norte usar, localizacion y
profundidad
 Interferencia Magnetica – De la Sarta y/o Externa
 Alineacion del Intrumento de Medicion
 Posicion del Instrumento de Medicionen la Sarta
21 HME
7/20/2018
Safest Way to Nudge Well?

3
2

22 NSA DEC
Target
Traveling Cylinders
North or Highside

• Travels along wellpath


• Indicates distance to other wells
23 NSA DEC
Neighboring Wall
Distances Traveling Cylinders
Traveling Cylinder

• Only use “Normal Plane”


for Traveling Cylinders

• Use north reference if


Downhole low angle (<5 degrees)

Reference Wellpath
• Can use high-side
reference if >5 degrees
Typical Display

• Depths are MD
Adjacent Wells
Entering within
cylinder

Closest Approach

24 NSA DEC
Toolface Angle to Steer the Well
Gravity Traveling cylinder
Highside
is similar to GTF Screen
0

+90 deg

180

The angle of the bend from vertical with respect to gravity, also called
Gravity Tool Face Angle.
25 NSA DEC
Safest Way to Nudge Well?

2 3

26 NSA DEC
Target
Traveling Cylinders - 270 Deg (Case #1)

Toolface
Where is
Highside on
Head-on this plot?
collision
potential

27 NSA DEC
Traveling Cylinders - 325 Deg (Case #2)

Toolface

Note: the other


wells are moving
more opposite
planned nudge
direction
(green arrow)

28 NSA DEC
Traveling Cylinders - 350 Deg (Case #3)
Toolface

Note: the other


wells are moving
opposite planned
nudge direction
(green arrow)

29 NSA DEC
Which Way to Nudge Away?
• North-North West Nudge
allows for most TFO error
without hitting another well
• Always look for least risk,
without blocking other
slots
• This is a 3-D Problem;
Vary TVD of kick-offs at
platform

30 NSA DEC
Traveling Cylinder Parts
Reference Normal Plane

Well paths

Details Box
Well ticks are ……………………: MD on the #3045
Calculation Method ………………..
: 3D Least Distance
Ring Interval ……………………. : 2.00 m
Azimuth Interval ………………….: 10.00 deg
31 NSA DEC
Scale ……………………………. : (1 cm = 1.40 meters)
Traveling Cylinder for a Collision

803-814 m

32 NSA DEC
Plotting on a Traveling Cylinder

• How do we plot on a
Traveling cylinder
based on our planned
well path?

• Plot 2.0 m @ 90
Azimuth

• Plot 4.0 m @ 110


Azimuth

33 NSA DEC
The Size of the Ellipsoid

Lateral Error
(Major Azimuth)

TVD
(Vertical Azimuth)

Inclination Error
(Minor Azimuth)

What affects the size of an Ellipsoid of Uncertainty?


• The Survey Tool or combination of Tools used to measure MD, Inc, Az.
• The Wellbore Geometry
• The global location of the well
• The Statistical Confidence required to locate the wellbore
Incertidumbre de Surveys
 Las EOU’s toman
en cuenta errores
sistematicos y
random de las
herramientas de
medicion

Schlumberger Private
 Volumen de 3D
proyectado en un
plano horizontal

 Error de
Profundidad
 Eje Semi-Mayor
 Eje Semi-Menor
35 HME
7/20/2018
Incertidumbre de Surveys
 EL calculo de la incertidumbre posicional esta basado en la
acumulacion de errores de survey a medida que se perfora

Semi-minor axis

Schlumberger Private
 La forma y el tamano
de los EOU’s
12m
dependen de:
– Tipo de
herramienta de
survey
23m – Configuracion de
Sarta
Semi-major axis – Latitud y Longitud
– Inclinacion y
Direccion del
Agujero

36 HME
7/20/2018
Vista de Planta de Pozos – Sin EOU’s

Pozo en Produccion

Schlumberger Private
Surveys con Gyro
Surveys con MWD
Surveys MWD Surveys Giroscopico

37 HME
7/20/2018
Vista de Planta de Pozos – Con EOU’s

EOU’s 1027D Pozo Productor


Activos

Schlumberger Private
3045D MWD

Posibles puntos
de colision

3045D Giro

38 HME
7/20/2018
Factor de Separacion

 Factor de Separacion
 = Separacion de Pozos de Centro a Centro

Schlumberger Private
 Longitud del Eje Semi-Mayor (pp) + Longitud del Eje Semi-Mayor (pv)
– Donde (pp) es el pozo a perforar y (pv) es el pozo vecino

 Espaciamiento Minimo
 = La distancia minima entre EOU’s tomando en cuenta el diametro del hoyo y
factor minimo de separacion
 = ½ Diametro de Hoyo(pp)+ ½ Diametro del Hoyo(pv) + FS * ( Eje Semi Mayor
(pp) + Eje Semi Mayor (pv))

– Donde el factor minimo de separacion por los estandares de Schlumberger es 1.5

39 HME
7/20/2018
EOU’s – Eje Semi Mayor – Menor y Profundidad

Semi Mayor

Schlumberger Private
 Incertidumbre de
Inclinacion
Semi-Menor  Incertidumbre en el
rumbo
 Incertidumbre en la
Profundidad

40 HME
7/20/2018
EOU’s – Eje Semi Mayor – Menor y
Profundidad

Schlumberger Private
 Incertidumbre de
Inclinacion
 Incertidumbre en el
rumbo
 Incertidumbre en la
Profundidad

41 HME
7/20/2018
ANTICOLLISION

Survey Station

Calculated Trajectory

‘Most Likely’ Trajectory

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Survey Bias
ISCWSA Error Surface Displaying ‘Bias’

Systematic Ellipse Error Surface

42
Scan Method
Offset Well Reference Well
Closets Approach 3D
Horizontal
Travelling Cylinder

Schlumberger Private
43
CLOSEST APPROACH 3D

Check Well Generic Well

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44
HORIZONTAL
Check Well Generic Well

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45
TRAVELLING CYLINDER

Schlumberger Private
46
FACTOR DE SEPARACION

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47
EOU’s – Eje Semi Mayor – Menor y Profundidad

Semi Mayor

Schlumberger Private
 Incertidumbre de
Inclinacion
Semi-Menor  Incertidumbre en el
rumbo
 Incertidumbre en la
Profundidad

48 HME
7/20/2018
EOU’s – Eje Semi Mayor – Menor y
Profundidad

Schlumberger Private
 Incertidumbre de
Inclinacion
 Incertidumbre en el
rumbo
 Incertidumbre en la
Profundidad

49 HME
7/20/2018
Factor de Separacion
Factor de Pozo
Separacion = 1.5 A Perforar EOU del
Pozo Vecino
EOU’s separados por
Esferas de 1.5 x suma de
Cierre Radios de EOU’s

Schlumberger Private
EOU del
Pozo a Perforar Linea de Pozo Vecino
Conexion entre los puntos ^ a la pagina
De mayor acercamiento

50 HME
7/20/2018
Factor de Separacion

Factor de
Separacion = 1
EOU del
Pozo
Vecino
EOU’s se Tocan

Schlumberger Private
Esferas de
Cierre

Pozo
Vecino
Linea
EOU del De Conexion entre los
Pozo a Perforar Puntos de mayor acercamiento
Pozo a Perforar

51 HME
7/20/2018
Factor de Separacion
Factor de Pozo
Separacion = 1.5 A Perforar EOU del
Pozo Vecino
EOU’s separados por
Esferas de 1.5 x suma de
Cierre Radios de EOU’s

Schlumberger Private
EOU del
Pozo a Perforar Linea de Pozo Vecino
Conexion entre los puntos ^ a la pagina
De mayor acercamiento

52 HME
7/20/2018
Factor de Separacion

Factor de
Separacion = 1
EOU del
Pozo
Vecino
EOU’s se Tocan

Schlumberger Private
Esferas de
Cierre

Pozo
Vecino
Linea
EOU del De Conexion entre los
Pozo a Perforar Puntos de mayor acercamiento
Pozo a Perforar

53 HME
7/20/2018
Escaneo de Anti-Colision
Proposito
 Para evitar cruces accidentales con pozos cercanos
mientras se perfora y asi mantener una distancia segura
de acuerdo al modelo de incertidumbre planificado

Schlumberger Private
Metodos
 Escaneo de Distancia 3D
– La distancia es calculada perpendicular al pozo vecino
desde el pozo a perforar
 Escaneo de Plano Normal
– La distancia es calculada perpendicular al pozo a perforar
desde el pozo vecino

54 HME
7/20/2018
Cilindro de Viajes

2
3

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1

Objetivo
55 HME
7/20/2018
Cilindro de Viajes
Norte

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 Viaja junto con la perforacion
del pozo
 Indica la distancia con los otros
pozos
 Referida al Norte Verdadero
56 HME
7/20/2018
Compass Error Ellipse Report Semi-Minor Unc
Plan View
North
3 Dimensional View Semi-Min.Azi
Lateral Bias

Lateral Unc.
Semi-Major
Unc.
X Borehole East

Vertical Section View


in Borehole Azimuth
Lateral Unc.

Bias High Side Unc.


High
X Borehole
Side Unc.
Vertical Unc.
X Borehole Plane = High
Side Bias
Perpendicular to wellpath Vertical Bias
TVD vector at depth of interest TVD V.Section
What, exactly, are Targets?
How are these affected by Drilling Uncertainties?
1) Geological Target

2) Target Centre Geological Target:


Defined (usually by a Geologist) to represent the
area in which the well bore should be placed.
Usually defined by a LOCATION and an AREA or
VOLUME.

For example: 250m radius Circle, centred on


UTM Zone 31, 6543210.00m N, 543210.00m E

Target Shapes:
Targets can be any regular or irregular shape, in
two or three dimensions. Circles, squares and
rectangles are very common for low inclination
wells. Three dimensional targets are more
common in high inclination wells.
Geological Target
Error Ellipse

Wellbore ‘x’ at
centre of target

Error Ellipse:
Depends upon well bore trajectory and
planned method of surveying the well bore.
The orientation of the ellipse depends
principally upon the azimuth of the well at or
near the target.
1) Geological Target
3) Error Ellipse

2) Target Centre

Can we say that a well drilled to this position


is confidently within the Geological Target?
3) Error Ellipse

According to the confidence level we require,


the well may lie OUTSIDE the Geological
Target
“Boundary” Positions
These are false points which mark
the edge of where the well bore can
be drilled to when considering the
errors induced in measuring the well
bore placement. In other words, if
the well is positioned any further
from the target centre than is
defined, then it cannot be said to
confidently lie within the
GEOLOGICAL TARGET.

4) “Boundary” Positions possible for Well Placement


Drilling Target
The area derived by joining up the
“Boundary” positions of the well
bore placement.

5) Subsequent DRILLING TARGET


Drilling Target
The area derived by joining up the
“Boundary” positions of the well
bore placement.

THEREFORE: If the well is drilled to an


X,Y,Z inside the Drilling Target, using the
proposed Survey Program, and following
the Plan, then we can confidently say that
it has penetrated the Geological Target.

5) Subsequent DRILLING TARGET


•How does the CONFIDENCE LEVEL affect the size of the Drilling Target?
The Sigma value affects the size of the reported Ellipse.
Therefore it will define a different size for the Drilling Target.

1 Sigma = 65% Confidence Drilling Target

2 Sigma = 95% Confidence Drilling Target

3 Sigma = 99% Confidence Target


•How would this differ for rectangular Geological Targets?
•How would this differ for rectangular Geological Targets?
Drilling Target would be rectangular too, but with a different ASPECT RATIO
•How would this differ for rectangular Geological Targets?
Drilling Target would be rectangular too, but with a different ASPECT RATIO
•What about Three Dimensional Targets?
•How would this differ for rectangular Geological Targets?
Drilling Target would be rectangular too, but with a different ASPECT RATIO
•What about Three Dimensional Targets?
As above, but in Three Dimensions
•How would this differ for rectangular Geological Targets?
Drilling Target would be rectangular too, but with a different ASPECT RATIO
•What about Three Dimensional Targets?
As above, but in Three Dimensions
•What shape would a Drilling Target be in a long Horizontal well?

Well bore and direction of drilling


•How would this differ for rectangular Geological Targets?
Drilling Target would be rectangular too, but with a different ASPECT RATIO
•What about Three Dimensional Targets?
As above, but in Three Dimensions
•What shape would a Drilling Target be in a long Horizontal well?
As below (well left to right). Why? Because the drilling errors (uncertainty) will increase with the
length of the well. NOTE: These errors can be significant!
Projecciones Basicas:
• Las proyecciones son la base de nuestro trabajo diario
como Perforadores direccionales.

• Decisiones costosas son echas basados en las


proyecciones y la importancia de alcanzar los
objetivos del pozo.

• Actualmente tenemos herramientas tecnológicas que


nos ayudan en la rapidez y la exactitud de las
proyecciones que hacemos, pero es de vital
importancia que se verifiquen y entiendan los
resultados obtenidos.
Projecciones Basicas,
• The direction from
surface location to the
center of the target at
the given TVD is along
an azimuth of 29 deg.
The distance from
surface location along
straigh line to the target
center on the horizontal
section is 500 meters.
Basic Projections:
Basic Projections:
Basic Projections:
Basic Projections:
• Since we can use
Polar/rectangular
coordiantes from
surface to the center,
same can be used for
any point on the
target
Target limits definitions:
Vertical Section Calculations:
Vertical Section Calculations:
The center,
high side and
low side must
be defined to
Project to the
target
Basic Projections:
Basic Projections:
Basic Projections:

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