Power and Water

wer and Water

Introduction
 Combined Cycles.
 Co-generation systems.
 Topping Cycle.
 Bottoming Cycle.
Introduction
 Combined Cycle
 Gas turbine
 Heat recovery steam generator
 Steam turbine
Introduction
 Combined cycle
 Generate additional power by using high temperature
exhaust gases from GT to generate steam for ST cycle.
 Increase thermal efficiency of power plant to approx.
60%
 Reduce Nox and CO emission and stack temperature
Introduction
 Co-generation
Using one power source to generate energy for
various propose like ( electricity, desalination, drying
processes…,etc.)
Introduction
Topping Cycle Bottoming Cycle
Introduction
Advantage of Co-generation Disadvantage of Co-generation

 Increase thermal efficiency  High initial cost.

 Reduce the energy production  operating and maintenance
costs.
cost
 Need careful design and
 Reduce Nox and CO emissions optimization of the balance
between power generation
 Less impact on environment and the process heat
requirements.
Introduction
Applications of Cogeneration
Heavy industries.
Paper industries.
Food industries.
Pharmaceutical industries.
Potable water and Agriculture.
 Literature Survey
Al Taweelah A1 (UAE)
 Net Power 1350 MW.
 8 GT 823 MW
 3 ST BP 608.1 MW
 Distillate water 85 MIGD.
 14 MED-TVC 53 MIGD
 4 MSF 32 MIGD
 Thermal efficiency approx.
85%.
 PWR 15.8
 Literature Survey
Fujairah F2 (UAE)
Largest one in UAE
 Net Power 2000 MW.
 5 GT 1441.5 MW
 3 ST 890 MW
 Distillate water 130 MIGD.
 12 MED-TVC 100 MIGD
 RO 30 MIGD
 PWR 15.3
 Literature Survey
Shuaiaba (KSA)
 Net Power 862MW.
3 GT 646.5 MW
 1 ST 215.7 MW

 Distillate water 45 MIGD.

3 MSF 45 MIGD
 PWR 19.2
 Literature Survey
Ras Laffan C (Qatar)
 Net Power 2730 MW.
8 GT 1880 MW
 4 ST 960 MW

 Distillate water 63 MIGD.

 10 MED-TVC 63 MIGD
 PWR 43
 Literature Survey
Present work layout
 Net Power= 1296 MW
 3 GT 900 MW
 1 BP ST 396 MW
 Distillate water= 73.43
MIDG
 10 MED-TVC
 Thermal efficiency 76.5%.
 PWR 17.65
System Analysis
Gas Turbine
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Multi-Effect Desalination (Thermal Vapor Compression)
System Analysis
 Gas Turbine
System Analysis
Features
 Gas Turbine 
 Main power source for combined
cogeneration cycle
 Applications:
 Quick installation and start up
 Power generation  Wide range of power (2 to 470
MW)
 Prime mover
 Compact size (very high Power to
 Air craft weight ratio)
 Can run on a wide variety of
fuels
 Very low toxic emissions of CO
and HC
 Low thermal efficiency
System Analysis
Gas Turbine
 𝑊𝑇 = 𝐶𝑃𝐺 × 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 (kJ/kg)
WC = CPA × (T2 − T1 ) (kJ/kg)

𝑊𝐶
𝑊𝑁 = 𝑊𝑇 − × 𝜂𝑀 × 𝜂𝐺
𝜂𝑀
A C.V×ηCC −(T3 ×CPG )
( ΤF)ACT =
T3 ×CPG −(T2 ×CPA )
𝑃
𝜂 𝑇𝐻 =
𝑀ሶ 𝐹 ×𝐶.𝑉
System Analysis
HRSG
The HRSG generates steam,
the quality and quantity of
which depend on the flow and
temperature of the exhaust
gas entering it.
Consist of:
Economizer
Evaporator
Superheater
System Analysis
HRSG Classifications
 According to circulate  According to the relative
through the evaporators position of flue gas path
 Natural circulation  Unfired
 Forced circulation  Supplementary fired
 Exhaust fired
System Analysis
HRSG
𝑄 = 𝑀ሶ 𝐺 × [ 𝐶𝑃𝐺 𝑇𝑖𝑛 × 𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝐶𝑃𝐺 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 × 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 ]
𝑀ሶ 𝐺 × [(𝐶𝑃𝐺 (𝑇4 ) × 𝑇4 ) − (𝐶𝑃𝐺 (𝑇6 ) × 𝑇6 )]
𝑀ሶ 𝑆𝑇 =
ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑙 )𝑒𝑣𝑝 − ℎ1

𝑄
𝑆 =
PPT = T6 − Tsat,2 𝑈𝑜𝑣𝑟 ×𝐹×𝜃𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

𝑀ሶ 𝐺 × 𝐶𝑃𝐺 𝑇4 × 𝑇4 − (𝑀ሶ 𝑆𝑇 × ℎ8 − ℎ1 )
𝑇7 =
𝑀ሶ 𝐺 × 𝐶𝑃𝐺 (𝑇7 )
System Analysis
Steam Turbine
( Rankine cycle)

Simple cycle
System Analysis
Steam Turbine
 Reheat

 Regenerative
 Open FWH
 Closed FWH
 Backward cascade
 Pumped forward
System Analysis
Back pressure ST
 Condenser Pressure over
atmospheric pressure
 Less power output
 Exhaust steam condense
through down stream process
 High thermal efficiency
(cogeneration)
Condensed ST
 Condenser Pressure under
atmospheric pressure
(Vacuum)
 High power output
 Exhaust steam condense
through condenser
 Moderate thermal efficiency
System Analysis
 Steam Turbine
𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝑚𝑓. × C.V
. ×𝑊
𝑚𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝜂 𝑇𝐻 =
𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑑
= ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 1 − 𝑦1 × ℎ 2 − ℎ3
+ 1 − 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 × ℎ3 − ℎ4 + ⋯ )
System Analysis
Desalination
Removing salts and minerals from saline water Like (sea water,
brackish water… etc.), in order to reuse for drinking,
irrigation….. etc.
System Analysis
Desalination

Thermal Membrane

EE MSF HDH RO ED

SEE MEE MEE-TVC MEE-MVC

System Analysis
MED-TVC

Increase of
unit size
capacity in
Gulf Region
over the years
System Analysis
MED-TVC

Forward feed

Backward feed

Parallel feed
System Analysis
MED-TVC FF
NCG Ejector
 Non-Condensable Gases

Preheater
1 2 N-1
Steam Jet Ejector
Heating Steam

Vapor
Feed Reject
Water Water

Seawater
1 2 N-1 N Condenser
Brine

Condensate 1 N-2 N-1 Product

to Boiler
Flash Box Flash Box Flash Box
System Analysis
 MED-TVC
M ms mV0  M ms  M env,n V2

 V22   V02 
M ms  M env,n  h2    M env,n h1  M ms  h0  
 2   2 
V32
h4 s  h3 
2 d
h4  h3  h4 s  h3  co
 System Analysis
 MED-TVC Feed Preheater
Non-Condensable Gases

The heating steam at the first Effect: Makeup

Seawater

M S ,1  M ms  M env,n Vapor
Heated
Brine
Energy Balance of the ith Effect:
Heating

M S ,i hSi,i  hSo,i   ( M f ,i  M BV ,i )Cp f ,iTB ,i  M f ,i Cp f ,i 1 T f ,i 1   M BV ,i hV ,i

Vapor Demister
(from PH)
Heating
Vapor Evaporation

Condensate
(from FB) Chamber

Energy Balance of the ith Preheater:

Brine

M BV ,i hV ,i  hVo,i   M f Cp f T fo,i  T fi,i 

Flashing Liquid
Box Vapor
Product
System Analysis
 MED-TVC Feed Preheater
Non-Condensable Gases

Mass Balance and Energy Balance of ith Flashing Makeup

Seawater

Box: Vapor
M S ,i  M X , i  M L ,i Heated
Brine
M X ,i  xi M S ,i
M S ,i hSo,i  M X ,i hX ,i  M L ,i hL ,i
Heating
Vapor Demister
(from PH)
Energy Balance of the bottom Condenser: Heating
Evaporation

M S ,n 1 hSi,n 1  M seaCpsea T fi,n 1  Tsea   M d ,c hd ,c

Vapor

Condensate
(from FB) Chamber

M sea  M f  M rej Brine

M d ,c  M BV ,n  M env,n  M X ,n Flashing
Box
Liquid
Vapor
Product
System Analysis
 MED-TVC Feed Preheater
Non-Condensable Gases

Makeup
Seawater

Performance ratio:
Vapor
Heated
Brine

𝑚𝑑 Heating
Vapor Demister

𝑃𝑅 = (from PH)

𝑚𝑚.𝑠𝑡 Heating
Vapor Evaporation

Condensate
(from FB) Chamber

Brine
Flashing Liquid
Box Vapor
Product
Results & discussion
Gas Turbine
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Steam Turbine
Multi-Effect Desalination (Thermal Vapor Compression)
Cogeneration
Results & discussion
 Gas Turbine
 Input data
Ambient air Temperature T1 298 K
Compressor polytropic Efficiency 89%
Turbine polytropic Efficiency 92%
Combustion chamber Efficiency 98%
Mechanical Efficiency 99%
Generator Efficiency 98%
Theoretical air to fuel ratio 15.44 kga/kgf
Fuel Lower calorific value NG 47141 kj/kg
Results & discussion
GT results

Variation of gas
turbine unit
specific work
output with
nominal
pressure ratio
Results & discussion
GT results

Variation of
exhaust gases
outlet
temperature
with nominal
pressure
Results & discussion
GT results

Variation of
exhaust gases
outlet
temperature
with maximum
cycle
temperature.
Results & discussion
GT results

Variation of ℙ = 𝑚. 𝑔𝑥 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
exhaust gas
mass flow rate
with nominal
pressure ratio.
Results & discussion
GT results

Variation of
exhaust gases
mass flow rate
with gas turbine
unit power
output for
PRN=15
Results & discussion
GT results

Variation of gas
turbine unit
thermal
efficiency with
nominal
pressure ratio.
Results & discussion
 HRSG
 Input data
Economizer overall heat
42.6 W/m2K
transfer coefficient
Evaporator overall heat
43.7 W/m2K
transfer coefficient
Surperheater overall heat
50 W/m2K
transfer coefficient
Pinch point temperature 20 C
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
steam mass flow
rate with gas
turbine unit
nominal
pressure ratio,
for T3=1573 K,
P=300MW.
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
steam mass flow
rate with gas
turbine unit
nominal
pressure ratio,
for T3=1673 K,
P=300MW.
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
steam mass flow
rate with gas
turbine unit
nominal
pressure ratio,
for T3=1773 K,
P=300MW.
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
steam mass flow
rate with gas
turbine unit
nominal
pressure ratio,
for T3=1873 K,
P=300MW.
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
steam mass flow
rate with Pinch
point temp.
for PRn=17
GT P=300MW.
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
steam mass flow
rate with Pinch
point temp.
for PRn=17
GT P=300MW.
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
steam mass flow
rate with Boiler
temp.
for PRn=17
GT P=300MW.
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
WHB surface
area with gas
turbine unit
nominal pressure
ratio, for hrsg
T3=1773K
P=300MW

.
Results & discussion
HRSG results

Variation of
WHB surface
area with gas
turbine unit
nominal pressure
ratio, for hrsg
T3=1873K
P=300MW

.
Results & discussion
 Steam Turbine
 Input data
3 feed water heater 1open, 2 closed
Isentropic turbines efficiency 90 %
Isentropic efficiency of feed
85 %
pump turbine
Isentropic pumps efficiency 90 %
Terminal temperature difference 5
Results & discussion
ST results

Variation of ST
turbine power
with Outlet
boiler
temperature
T3=1773K
P=300MW
Pcond=2.8 bar
Results & discussion
ST results

Variation of ST
turbine power
with boiler
pressure
T3=1773K
P=300MW
Pcond=2.8 bar
Results & discussion
ST results

Variation of ST
turbine
efficiency with
Outlet boiler
temperature
T3=1773K
P=300MW
Pcond=2.8 bar
Results & discussion
ST results

Variation of ST
turbine
efficiency with
boiler pressure
T3=1773K
P=300MW
Pcond=0.5 bar
Results & discussion
ST results

Variation of ST
turbine
efficiency with
boiler pressure
T3=1773K
P=300MW
Pcond=2.8 bar
Results & discussion
ST results

Variation of ST
turbine
efficiency with
boiler pressure
T3=1773K
P=300MW
Pcond=4 bar
Results & discussion
 MED-TVC
 Input data
First Effect temperature 53 C
Sea Water temperature 25 C
Salinty of sea water 38500 ppm
Total recovery ratio (TRR) 0.4
Condenser temperature difference 15 C
Results & discussion
MED-TVC
results

Variation of
performance
ratio with
number of
effects
Tlast,effect=43 C
Results & discussion
MED-TVC
results

Variation of
distillate mass
flow rate with
top brine temp.

Tlast,effect=43 C
Results & discussion
MED-TVC
results

Variation of
entrained ratio
with
compression
ratio
Tlast,effect=43 C
Results & discussion
MED-TVC
results

Variation of
performance
ratio with
compression
ratio
Tlast,effect=43 C
Results & discussion
MED-TVC
results

Variation of
performance
ratio with
temperature of
last effect
TBT=63 C
Results & discussion
MED-TVC
results

Variation of
Total area of
MED with Top
brine temp.
Results & discussion
Co-generation
results

Variation of
distillate mass
flow rate with
GT power.
Results & discussion
Co-generation
results

Variation ST
power with GT
power.
Results & discussion
Co-generation
results

Variation
distillate mass
flow rate with
GT Pressure
ratio.
Results & discussion
Co-generation
results

Variation
utilization factor
with GT
Pressure ratio.
Results & discussion
Co-generation
results

Variation Power
to water ratio
with GT
Pressure ratio.
Results & discussion
Co-generation
results

Variation mass
flow rate of
distillate, gas
and steam with
GT power.
Results & discussion
Co-generation
results

Variation
Overall, GT
and ST
efficiencies with
GT pressure
ratio.
Economic study
Economic study
 The total annual cost
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝑖 (𝐴𝐹𝐶𝑅) + 𝐶𝑓 + 𝐶𝑂&𝑀
 Capital investment is the summation of combined cycle and
MED-TVC costs and is given by:
𝐶𝑖 = 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 + 𝐶𝑀𝐸𝐷−𝑇𝑉𝐶
 Fuel cost for cogeneration
𝐶𝑓 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑔 𝐻𝑂𝑃 𝑁𝐻𝑅𝐺𝑇 𝐹𝑝
Economic study
 The fuel cost for separate combined cycle and MED-TVC unit
𝑀𝑚𝑠 Δℎ 𝐻𝑂𝑃 𝐹𝑃
𝐶𝑓 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑔 𝐻𝑂𝑃 𝑁𝐻𝑅𝐺𝑇 𝐹𝑝 +
𝜂𝑆𝐵
 The net cash flow income per year
𝐶𝑓,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶𝑓,𝑖 − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 $/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
 income cash flow
𝐶𝑓,𝑖 = (𝐶𝑒 𝑥 𝑃) + (𝐶𝑤 𝑥 𝑀𝑑 ) $/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
Economic study
 The Payback Period is the time required to recover the cost of
an investment:
𝑃𝐵 = 𝐶𝑖 (𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)Τ𝐶𝑓,𝑖 (𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)
Economic study
 Estimated component costs for MED-TVC with
combined cycle power plant
Description Cost
Combined cycle capital cost 917 $/KW
MED-TVC capital cost 1,524 $/m3/d
Separate steam boiler 100,000 $/T/hr
Natural gas price FP 4.8 $/MBTU
Fixed O&Mcombined cost 13.17 $/KW.year
Variable O&Mcombined cost 3.6 $/MW.h
Fixed O&MMED-TVC cost 0.39 $/m3
Economic study
 Comparison of TAC, capital investment and net cash flow for the optimized
cogeneration systems and other two separate production systems
$2,000,000,000.00
$1,800,000,000.00
$1,600,000,000.00
$1,400,000,000.00
$1,200,000,000.00
$1,000,000,000.00
$800,000,000.00
$600,000,000.00
$400,000,000.00
$200,000,000.00
$0.00
Capital
TAC Net cash flow
Investment
Combined cogeneration $744,257,540.00 $1,697,218,790.00 $355,700,072.00
Seperet System $937,287,772.00 $1,837,042,790.00 $162,669,480.00
THANK YOU

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