Presented to

Dr. Rana Navid

Presented by
Asima shahzadi

M.phil ( Education)
University of education
 Topic;

Research in psychology
Content list…….
Meaning of research • Three main types of
psychological research
What is psychology?
Correlation research
 psychological research  Descriptive research
 Experimental research
Purpose of Research
Tools of research
Questionnaire
Describing Research
Interview
Observation
Deference between Check list
qul/qun research
RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY
Research……….

Research is composed of two syllables, a prefix re and a verb search.

 • Re means again, anew, over again.

 • Search means to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, to

probe.

The two words form a noun to describe a careful and systematic study
in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles.

• Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to

questions
What is Psychology?
Psychology is the study of mental processes, behavior,
and the relationship between them.

Mental processes include skills like learning, reasoning,

emotion, and motivation.

To study psychology is to learn how humans and other

organisms think, understand, learn, perceive, feel, act,
and interact with others.
What is Psychology?
Because psychology encompasses human and social
issues as well as biological and physiological ones, it is
categorized as both a natural and social science.

As a natural science, psychology is concerned with the

laws of nature.

As a social science, psychology involves the study of the

laws of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of humans
and other organisms.
RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY
Psychologists do more than just wonder about
human behavior: they conduct research to
understand exactly why people think, feel, and
behave the way they do. Like other scientists,
psychologists use the scientific method, a
standardized way to conduct research. A scientific
approach is used in order to avoid bias or distortion
of information. After collecting data, psychologists
organize and analyze their observations, make
inferences about the reliability and significance of
their data, and develop testable hypotheses and
theories.
RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY

Psychologists study a wide range of topics,

such as language development in children
and the effects of sensory deprivation on
behavior. They use scientifically testable
models and methods to conduct their
research.
The Purpose of Research

Psychologists have three main goals when doing

research:

To find ways to measure and describe behavior

To understand why, when, and how events occur

To apply this knowledge to solving real-world problems

Describing the Research

Variables: the events, characteristics, behaviors, or conditions that

researchers measure and study.

Subject or participant: an individual person or animal a researcher

studies.

Population: the collection of people or animals from which

researchers draw a sample. Researchers study the sample and
generalize their results to the population

Sample: a collection of subjects researchers study. Researchers use

samples because they cannot study the entire population.
Describing the Research

Sampling : It is the process of selecting a sample from

the population. For this population is divided into a
number of parts called Sampling Units.

Hypothesis ;A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative

explanation of the research problem, a possible
outcome of the research, or an educated guess about
the research outcome.” (Sarantakos, 1993: 1991)
 Types of variables
Independent variable;
 It Is an activity or characteristics believes to make a
 difference. The variable that is use to describe the
 factor that is assumed to cause the problem is called

 independent variable.

Dependent variables; It is the change or difference in

groups that occurs as a result of manipulation of
independent variable.
Example of IV & DV variable
 Example;

Those hungry individuals are more likely to perceive

food in a series of ambiguous pictures those individuals
who are not hungry.

Independent
Hunger levels (high and low)

Dependent
No. of times food is perceived
Types of variables
Intervening variable
These are the variables which intervene
between independent & dependent
variable such as fatigue, anxiety, &
motivation. These cannot be directly
observed for controlled .
 Types of variables

Extraneous variables

These are variables which effect dependent variable but are other than
independent variable. it has two types

1) subject variable 2) environmental variable

subjects variable is an Environment variables are a set of

independent variable that is
manipulated by testing
each subject at each level of
the variable. Consider an
experiment examining the
effect of study time on
memory.
dynamic named values that can affect
the way running processes will behave
on a computer. They are part of
the environment in which a process
runs.
 Techniques of controlling
extraneous variables
Removing the variable
Extraneous variable may be controlled by elimination such
variable completely. For example if in a study on education
managers, wide differences expected in male and female
behavior, that is if sex is extraneous variable , the study may
be delimited to one sex. In this case by removing the
extraneous variable (sex) we can control the situation.

Randomization
It is the process in which every member of the population has
independent and equal chances of selection. In this method
bias effects are minimized. It is also known as unvoiced
sampling. If sampling population is large then random
number table is used.
Techniques of controlling extraneous
variables
Matching variables
This method is used where randomization is not possible or
appropriate. In this case, subjects are divided into two equal groups
having approximately same competency. For example division of cricket
players into two groups comprising of batsman, ballers and
wicketkeeper as well.

Balancing Cases
This method consists of assigning subject to the experimental and
control groups in such a way that the mean and variance of the two
groups are as nearly equal as possible.
Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA)
It is possible with the help of statistical methods to eliminate initial
differences on more than one variable. This method is preferable to the
conventional method of matching but it involves use of analysis of
covariance.
Sampling :

It is the process of selecting a sample from the

population. For this population is divided into a
number of parts called Sampling Units.
NEED FOR SAMPLING

Large population can be covered.

Time, money and energy is saved.
Helpful when units of area are homogenous.
Used when percent accuracy is not acquired.
Used when the data is unlimited.
DifferencebetweenProbabilityand
Non-ProbabilitySampling

Non-probability
Probability
in a non-probability
A probability sample is
sample, a particular
one in which each member
member of the
of the population has an
population being
equal chance of being
chosen is unknown.
selected.
In non-probability
In-probability
sampling, it relies on
sampling,randomness is
personal judgment.
the element of control.
 Types of NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

convenience sampling:
is the process of selecting participants who are easily
obtainable. E.G: M.C higher Secondary school.

quota sampling:
using convenience sampling, with the restriction that
the sample has the same % of each subgroup.

snowball sampling
They told two friends, and so on, and so on...
Types of PROBABILITY SAMPLING

cluster sampling:
certain groups are randomly sampled & all subjects in them are
observed

Random sampling
allocates participants from the population of interest in such a way that
each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Systematic Sampling
Each member of the sample comes after an equal interval from its
previous member. For Example, for a sample of 50 students, the
sampling fraction is 50/800=1/8 i.e. select one student out of every eight
students in the population. The starting points for the selection is
chosen at random.
Hypothesis
“A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two
or more variables”. (Kerlinger, 1956)

“A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative explanation of the

research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated
guess about the research outcome.” (Sarantakos, 1993: 1991)

Examples of a hypothesis are:

Health Education programmes influence the number of people who
smoke.
Newspapers affect people's voting pattern.
Attendance at lectures influences exam marks.
 Characteristics of GOOD
hypothesis

A good hypothesis is consistent with previous research

A good hypothesis provides suitable explanation
A good hypothesis states expected relationship between
variables
A good hypothesis define variables used
A good hypothesis is testable with the help of data
A good hypothesis should be testable within time
A good hypothesis defines what is relevant and
irrelevant
Main types of psychological
research

Descriptive research
Experiment research
Correlation research
Descriptive research

It involves collecting of data in order to test

hypotheses or to answer questions
concerning the current status of the subject
of the study. It explores what is happening?
Why is something happening? & how is
something happening Descriptive data are
usually collected through questionnaire ,
survey, interviews and observation.
Types Of descriptive research

Survey research
Survey research involves collecting data to test hypotheses
or answer questions about people opinion on some topic of
issues. Surveys represent one of the most common types of
quantitative, social science research. In survey research, the
researcher selects a sample of respondents from a
population and administers a standardized questionnaire to
them. The questionnaire, or survey, can be a written
document that is completed by the person being surveyed,
an online questionnaire, a face-to-face interview, or a
telephone interview. Using surveys, it is possible to collect
data formal rage or small populations
survey study design

Cross sectional study

Is one in which data are collected from selected
individuals at a single point in time

Longitudinal survey
Data are collected at two or more time
 Advantages

Relatively easy to administer

Can be developed in less time (compared to other data-

collection methods)

Cost-effective, but cost depends on survey mode

Can be administered remotely via online, mobile

devices, mail, email, or telephone.
Disadvantages

Provides information about behavior that can’t be

observed directly

Relies on self-report data, which can be misleading

Doesn’t allow conclusions about cause-and-effect

relationships
Causal comparative

It describes conditions that already exists , however it also

attempts to determine reasoned or causes for the existing
condition. The basic casual comparative approach involves
starting with an effect & seeking possible causes .The major
difference between the experiment & casual comparative
research is that in experimental research the independent
variable, is manipulated and in casual comparative research
it is not it has already occurred, groups are already formed
and already different on the independent variable. The basic
casual comparative design involves selecting two groups on
some independent variable and comparing them on some
dependent variable.
Co relational research

Involved collecting data to determine whether & to what degree a

relationship exists between two or more quantitative variables. The
purpose of the co-relational study may be to determine relations
among variables or to use there relations to make predictions.

If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an

increase in the other then this is known as a positive correlation.

If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with a

decrease in the other then this is known as a negative correlation.

A zero correlation occurs when there is no relationship between

variables.
Case study

A case study is a study involving descriptive

information about one person. Case studies are in-
depth investigations of a single person, group, event or
community. Typically, data are gathered from a variety
of sources and by using several different methods (e.g.
observations & interviews). The research may also
continue for an extended period of time, so processes
and developments can be studied as they happen.
Case study
The case study is not itself a research method, but
researchers select methods of data collection and analysis
that will generate material suitable for case studies.
Amongst the sources of data the psychologist is likely to
turn to when carrying out a case study are observations of
a person’s daily routine, unstructured interviews with the
participant herself (and with people who know her),
diaries, personal notes (e.g. letters, photographs, notes) or
official document (e.g. case notes, clinical notes, appraisal
reports). Most of this information is likely to be qualitative
(i.e. verbal description rather than measurement) but the
psychologist might collect numerical data as well.
Strengths of Case studies

1.Good source of ideas about behavior

2. Good opportunity for innovation

3. Good method to study rare phenomena


4. Good method to challenge theoretical assumptions
Limitations of Case Studies
Can’t generalize the results to the wider population.

Researchers' own subjective feeling may influence the

case study (researcher bias).

Difficult to replicate.

Time consuming.
Steps of Conducting a Case Study
1) Choose your case study problem.
2) Research the problem.
3) Interview people. Prepare questions that:

 will help you understand their opinions

 will give you information you can’t get from books or
articles
 are open-ended; that is, they can’t be answered just with
‘yes’ or ‘no’.
Steps of Conducting a Case Study
4) Sort through your information. What is relevant and
what isn’t?
5) Does your case study problem (or guiding question)
need to be modified?
6) Do you need more information, or do you need to do
more research?
7) Break the problem down into its parts.
8) Analyze the information in each part.
9) Think about what the answers to the problem might
be.
Steps of Conducting a Case Study
Write up your case study:
Introduce the problem or guiding question.
Give the background to the case study.
Present the information you have discovered, perhaps
under headings.
Evaluate and analyze the information.
Summaries your findings in a conclusion, but remember
that a case study may not always produce a neat
conclusion.
11. Check that your points flow logically and that you
have restricted your writing to the case study problem.
Steps & procedure Of Descriptive research

Identification of the problem

Development of hypothesis
Sampling
Development, administration, and scoring of
instrument.
Analysis and interpretation of data
Experiment research
What is experiment?
Experiment is a situation in which the relationship between
cause & effect is determined.

John W Best
‘’Experiment research is the description and analysis of what
will be ‘ or what will be occur’ under controlled situation’’

This is the most objective way of studying the behavior. In

this method, experiments are conducted in the laboratories
under controlled conditions. In experiments, usually the
effect of independent variable on the dependent variable is
studied.
Example
The effect of music on the level of blood pressure can be studied
in laboratory settings. Here, the music is independent variable
and the BP is dependent variable. All other sounds other than
music are extraneous variables that are to be controlled, so that
the effect of only music can be assessed. Similarly the effect of
different drugs, food, etc. can also be studied.

Experiments may also be conducted by using two groups called

experimental group and control group. In such experiments,
independent variable is operated only on experimental group and
the control group is kept constant.
Otherwise, the experiment may be conducted on the same group
under two conditions, viz., experimental and controlled
conditions.
Types of experiment research

Trail & error experiment

A method of discovery , solving problems, etc based on

practical experiment and experience rather then on a
theory; he learn to cook by trail and error.
Experimentation or investigation in which various
methods or means are tried and faculty ones eliminated
in order to find the correct solution or to achieve the
desired result or effects.
Ex Post Facto

An ex post facto research design is a method in which

groups with qualities that already exist are compared on
some dependent variable. Also known as "after the fact"
research, an ex post facto design is considered quasi-
experimental because the subjects are not randomly
assigned - they are grouped based on a particular
characteristic or trait.

Although differing groups are analyzed and compared in

regards to independent and dependent variables it is not a
true experiment because it lacks random assignment. The
assignment of subjects to different groups is based on
whichever variable is of interest to the researchers.
For example
A researcher is interested in how weight
influences self-esteem levels in adults. So the
participants would be separated into
differing groups (underweight, normal
weight, overweight) and their self esteem
levels measured. This is an ex post facto
design because a pre-existing characteristic
(weight) was used to form the groups.
Laboratory experiments

A laboratory experiment is an experiment

conducted under highly controlled conditions.

The variable which is being manipulated by the

researcher is called the independent
variable and the dependent variable is the
change in behavior measured by the researcher.
Conditions for the Experimental
research
Randomization (of assigning participants to conditions)
Consist of using random assignment to ensure that all participants in
the study have an equal probability of being assigned to a group
.
2. Manipulation (of variables that operate in an experiment)
To do the random assignment , researcher must be able to manipulate
the levels of an independent variable to create the groups.

3. Comparison (or a control group)

Involves the use of a control group that does not receive the
manipulation believed to cause changes in a dependent variable. This
allows us to compare the control group to the group that received the
manipulation , thereby allowing us to determine whether the
manipulation is actually causing changes in the dependent variable.
steps are followed in an experiment:

Identification of the problem

Formulation of hypothesis
Designing the experiment
Testing the hypothesis by experiment
Analysis of results
Interpretation of results
Advantages & disadvantages
The advantage of this method is that, the results of
the experiment may be verified by repetition of the
same experiment. But this method has some demerits
also.
The disadvantage of this method, Conducting
experiment is very expensive and time consuming;
another feature is that the experiments cannot be
conducted outside the laboratory.
Correlation research

Correlation research is a type of non experimental

research(quantitative method)in which-the researcher
measures two variables and assesses the statistical
relationship (i.e., the correlation) between them with little
or no effort to control extraneous-variables.

There are essentially two reasons that researchers interested

in statistical relationships between variables would choose
to conduct a correlation study rather than an experiment.
The correlation method is a research procedure used to
determine this correlation between variables. This method
can, for example, answer the question ‘’Is there a correlation
between the amount of stress in people’s lives , the degree of
depression they experience?’’
Correlation research
That is , as people keep experiencing stressful events,
or they increasingly likely to become depressed? To
test this question, researchers have collected life stress
scores (for example , the number of threatening events
experiences during a certain period of time) &
depression scores (for example, scores on a depression
survey) from individuals, & have correlated these
scores. If we take as an illustration the length of
people’s legs compared with the length of their arms,
we would expect tall people to have long limbs and
small people to have a short limbs. In others words,
there is a direct connection between the two measures.
Steps of co relational Research

Problem selection
Co relational studies may be designed either to
determine which variables are related or to test
hypothesis regarding expected relationship.

Sample
The sample for a correlation study is selected using an
acceptable sampling method, & 30 subjects are
generally considered to be a minimally acceptable
sample size.
Steps of co relational Research
Design

The
 basic correlation design is not complicated, two (or more)
score are obtained for all members of a selected sample, one score
for each variable of interest & the paired scores are then correlated.

Data analysis & interpretation


A
 correlation coefficient is a decimal number between 0.00 and
+1.00, 0r 0.00 and 1.00, which indicates the degree to which the two
variables are related.

If
 the coefficient is near +1.00 , the variables are positively related.
This means that a person with a high score on one variable is likely
to have a high score on the other variable, and a person with a low
score on one is likely to have a low score on the other; an increase
on one variable is associated with an increase on the other. If the
coefficient is near 0.00, the variables are not related.
If the coefficient is near -1.00 , the variables are inversely
related. This means that a person with a high score on one
variable is likely to have a low score on the other variable,
and a person with a low score on one variable is associated
with a decrease on the other variable, and vice versa.

A correlation coefficient much below 0.05 is generally

useless for either group prediction or individual
prediction , although a combination of several variables in
this area may yield a reasonably satisfactory prediction.

Coefficient in the 0.60s and 0.70s are usually considered

adequate for group prediction purposes, and coefficient in
the 0.80s and above for individual prediction purposes.
 Types of Co relational research
Positive correlation
If this relationship were perfect, that is, for each slight variation
in arms length there is an exact corresponding variation in leg
length as we pass from one person to another , the numerical
value obtained would be a positive correlation of +1

Negative correlation
.With two measures in which one increases while the other
decreases in exact steps we obtain a negative correlation of -1.

Zero correlation
In fact the numerical value can be anything between +1 through
0 to – 1. A value of 0 or thereabouts represents” Zero correlation”
Data Collection in Correlation Research

Naturalistic observation
 is an approach to data collection that involves observing
people’s behavior in the environment in which it typically
occurs. Thus naturalistic observation is a type of field
research (as opposed to a type of laboratory-research). It
could involve observing shoppers in a grocery store, children
on a school playground, or psychiatric inpatients in their
wards. Researchers engaged in naturalistic observation
usually make their observations as unobtrusively as possible
so that participants are often not aware that they are being
studied. Because naturalistic observation takes place in the
complex and even chaotic “real world,”
issues that researchers must deal with
before collecting data.
The first is sampling. When, where, and under what
conditions will the observations be made, and who
exactly will be observed?

The second issue is measurement. What specific

behaviors will be observed
Archival Data

Another approach to correlation research is the use of

archival data, which are data that have already been collected
for some other purpose. Existing data that were collected or
created for some other purpose. They can include school and
hospital records, newspaper and magazine articles, Internet
content, television shows, and many other things. This is an
example of content analysis—a family of systematic
approaches to measurement using complex archival data.
Just as naturalistic observation requires specifying the
behaviors of interest and then noting them as they occur,
content analysis requires specifying keywords, phrases, or
ideas and then finding all occurrences of them in the data.
Qualitative research
The qualitative approach to gathering information focuses
on describing a phenomenon in a deep comprehensive
manner. This is generally done in interviews, open-ended
questions, or focus groups. In most cases, a small number
of participants participate in this type of research, because
to carry out such a research endeavor requires many
resources and much time. Interviews can vary from being
highly structured and guided by open-ended questions, or
be less structured and take the form of a conversational
interview. Because of the investment in this type of research
and the relatively few number of participants, findings from
qualitative research cannot be generalized to the whole
population.
ADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Issues and subjects covered can be evaluated in depth and in detail.

• Interviews are not limited to particular questions and can be redirected
or guided by researchers in real time.

• The direction and framework of research can be revised quickly as soon
as fresh information and findings emerge.

• The data in qualitative research depends on human experience and this
is more compelling and powerful than data gathered through
quantitative research.

• Complexities and subtleties about the subjects of the research or the
topic covered is usually missed by many positivistic inquiries.
DISADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
• The quality of research is heavily dependent on the skills of
the researcher and can be easily influenced by personal
idiosyncrasies and biases of researchers.

• The quantity of data makes interpretation and analysis time-

consuming.

• Findings can be time consuming and difficult to present in

visual ways.

• Qualitative research is sometimes not accepted and

understood especially within scientific communities.
QuantitativeApproach

The quantitative approach to gathering

information focuses on describing a phenomenon
across a larger number of participants thereby
providing the possibility of summarizing
characteristics across groups or relationships.
This approach surveys a large number of
individuals and applies statistical techniques to
recognize overall patterns in the relations of
processes. Importantly, the use of surveys can be
done across groups.
Advantages of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research allows the researcher
to measure and analyze data. The
relationship between an independent and
dependent variable is studied in detail. This
is advantageous because the researcher is
more objective about the findings of the
research. Quantitative research can be used
to test hypotheses in experiments because of
its ability to measure data using statistics.
 Disadvantages of Quantitative
Research
quantitative research is the context of the
study or experiment is ignored. Quantitative
research does not study things in a natural
setting or discuss the meaning things have for
different people as qualitative research does.
Another disadvantage is that a large sample
of the population must be studied; the larger
the sample of people researched, the more
statistically accurate the results will be.
 Tools of
research
Questionnaire
It is a data gathering instrument through which
respondent, answer questions or respond to
statements in writing .It consist of series of questions
or statements that are submitted to those from which
information is desired.

Method of presentation
Presentation through mail & face to face.
 Method of presentation

 Through Mail
This questionnaire can be sent very quickly to the
respondents but the results are generally incomplete.

 Face to face presentation

In this situation, the researcher personally presents the
questionnaire to respondents. He can explain the
purpose & significance of the study & motivate them to
get answer.
Types of Questionnaire
Open Format Questions

What is the aim of your life?

---------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
Closed Format Questions

What are the gadgets that you cannot live without?

Cell phone
Laptop
Digital camera
Types of Questionnaire
Likert Questions
Example of a Closed-Ended Likert Question
ABC corporation’s products have to improve on quality?
1 Strongly agree
2 Agree
3 undecided
4 Strongly disagree
5 disagree
Characteristics of good questionnair
Order questions in logical sequence
Design to achieve objectives
Use only one aspect of the construct you are interested in per item.
Use positive statements and avoid negatives or double negatives.
Do not make assumptions about the respondent.
Use clear and comprehensible wording, easily understandable for all
educational levels
Use correct spelling, grammar and punctuation.
Questions worded simply and clearly, not ambiguous or vague, must
be objective
Design for easy tabulation
Design to achieve objectives
Interview
Interview is a meeting of people face to face, especially
for consultation

Interviewee
Person being interviewed (answering the
questions)

Interviewer
Person doing the interview (asking the questions)
 Purposes of the interview

1)to evaluate or assess a person in some respect

2)to select or promote an employee
3)to effect therapeutic change, as in the psychiatric
interview
4) to test or develop hypotheses
5) to gather data, as in surveys or experimental
situations
6) to sample respondents’ opinions, as in doorstep
interviews.
Types of interviews

Unstructured (informal) interviews are like a casual

conversation. There are no set questions and the participant
is given the opportunity to raise whatever topics he/she feels
are relevant and ask them in their own way. In this kind of
interview much qualitative data is likely to be collected.

Structured (formal) interviews are like a job interview.

There is a fixed, predetermined set of questions that are put
to every participant in the same order and in the same way.
The interviewer stays within their role and maintains social
distance from the interviewee.
Types of interviews

Panel interview When interview is conducted by

many interviewers , it is panel interview. This panel may
consist of various experts related to different fields e.g.,
Subject specialist , administrator, psychologist, &
social worker etc.

Group interview It is an interview conducted with

many persons at a time .They can help one another
recall ,verify or rectify information. They can present
wide range of information & varied view points.
Tips on conducting effective interviews

Determine your objective

Prepare a list of questions as this helps to keep you
focused on the important aspects of the job
Focus on the interview during the interview
For example;
 How does your past experience make you qualified for
this particular position?
 What part of your job do you enjoy the most?
Advantages & disadvantages of
interview
Data collected by this
method is likely to be more
correct compared to the
other methods that are
used for the data
collection.
Two way communication
No doubt or
misunderstanding
Friendly environment
High reliability
Time consuming process.
Involves high cost.
Requires highly skilled
interviewer.
Requires more energy
Large no of worker need.
Recording of data is
difficult.
May sometimes involve
systematic errors.
How to record the interview

It is better if there are two persons to record the

interview. One should ask the questions from the
respondent & the other should record the information
given by him. There would be no intervals & the danger
of missing the facts is removed. Another way would be
the use of a tape-recorder.
Observation

Observation is the action or process of observing

something or someone carefully or in order to gain
information.

Naturalistic Observation
Laboratory Observation
participant
Non-participant
Advantages

100 % natural > no subject reactivity or demand

characteristics.
Provide direct information about behavior of
individuals & groups.
Exist in natural, unstructured &flexible setting.
 Useful for young & shy children
 No need of equipment or tool
Disadvantages

 lack of informed consent

 usually have to rely on convenience samples
 mostly qualitative data: verbal descriptions based on
visual observations may lack precision & accuracy
(observer bias) & not very sensitive
Lack of competency
 Expensive
Check lists

The check list , the simplest of the devices, is a prepared list of behavior
or items. The presence or absence of the behavior may be indicated by
checking yes or no , or the type or number of items may be indicated by
inserting appropriate word or number.

Trait Absent/present
Regularity -----------------------------------------------
Cleanliness -----------------------------------------------
Consistency -----------------------------------------------
Classroom involvement -----------------------------------------------
Uses of check lists

To collect acts for educational surveys.

To record behavior in observational studies.
To use in educational appraisal, studies – of school
buildings, property, plan, textbooks, instructional
procedures and outcomes etc.
To rate the personality.
To know the interest of the subjects also. Kidder's
interest inventory and Strong‘s Interest Blank are also
checklists.
Steps of check lists
Identify each of the specific actions desired in the
performance.
Add to the list those actions that represent common
errors ( if they are useful in the assessment, are limited in
number, & can be clearly stated.)
Arrange the desired actions ( and likely errors , if used )
in the approximate order in which they are expected to
occur.
Provide a simple procedure for checking each action as it
occur ( or for numbering the action in sequence, if
appropriate.)
Advantages & disadvantages
Advantages; Students can measure their own
behavior with the help of checklist. Easy and simple to
use and frame the tools. Wanted and unwanted
behaviors can be included. Personal - Social
development can be checked.

Disadvantages; Only the presence or absence of the

ability can be tested. Yes or no type judgment can only
be given. How much can not be tested through
checklist.