Dr.

Mostafa Elgamala
 Mobile net.
Evolutions
• 1G- AMPS/NMT/TACS
• 2G- GSM/GPRS/CDMA one
• 3G-
UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA/HSPA+(R99,R5,R6,R
7)/CDMA2000
• 4G- LTE/LTE-advanced (R8-2010,R9-
2011,R10-2012-LTE-A, R11,R12,R13-LTE-A
Standardization around LTE
 Main LTE Requirements

• Peak data rates of uplink/downlink 50/100 Mbps

• Reduced Latency:
– Enables round trip time <10 ms
• Ensure good level of mobility and security
– Optimized for low mobile speed (0-15 km/hr) also support
high MS speed (up to 350 Km/h)
• Frequency flexibility and bandwidth scalability:
– with 1.4 , 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocations
• Pure Packet switching
• Operation in FDD and TDD modes (paired & unpaired)
• Support for inter-working with existing 3GPP/non-3GPP
systems
 LTE-Advanced

• Satisfy ITU –IMT advanced requirements for 4G

technology
• Downlink data rates (up to 1.5 Gbps with 100,
MHz low mobility 8*8 MIMO and 100 Mbps
(high mobility) and Uplink data rates up to
500Mbps. Up to 620 Mb/s with 40 MHz ,8*8
MIMO)
 LTE Structure
The EPS (Evolved Packet System) architecture is made up of:
– EPC: Evolved Packet Core (or CN), also referred as “System
Architecture Evolution” SAE by 3GPP
– eUTRAN: Radio Access Network , sometimes referred as LTE
• User Equipment (UE)
• Mobile equipment
• USIM (store user identity, keys)
 LTE Elements
functions
• eNB: replace node B & RNC - (BBU-
RRU)
• HO, load balancing between cells
• Resource Allocation (Scheduling)
• IP Header Compression/ de-
compression
• Transmitting of paging and broadcast
messages
• MME: Mobility Management Entity
• Pure signaling entity inside the EPC
• Subscriber attach/detach
• Tracking area updates
• Trigger and distribution of paging
messages to UE
• Authentication
• MME selection for handover
• Serving Gateway
• Receives/Send packet data from/to eNodeB
(Routing)
• Performs replication of the user traffic in case
of lawful interception
• Downlink packet buffering
• PDN: Packet Data Network Gateway
• Connection between EPC and a number of
external data networks
• IP Address Allocation for UE
• Packet Routing/Forwarding between Serving
GW and external Data Network
• Packet screening (firewall functionality)
• PCRF: Policy and Charging Rule Function
•Quality of Service (QoS) negotiation with
the external PDN
•Charging Policy: How packets should be
accounted

• HSS: Home Subscriber Server

• Permanent and central subscriber database
 Other Components
• ePDG (Evolved Packet Data Gateway):
• Secure the data transmission with a UE
connected to the EPC over an untrusted non-
3GPP access. (Vo Wi-Fi)
• VAS servers
• SMS
• MMS
• Voice/video mail system (VMS)
• USSD
• RBT
• Device management
 Thanks
Facebook group:
optimal vision – Dr.
Mostafa elgamala
 Roami
• ng
Two different network used Home network &
Visited network

• 1- Roaming with home routed traffic (HSS &

PGW used in home network through inter-
operator network) the visited SGW connected to
home PGW both make charging. Common used

• 2- Roaming with local breakout, the traffic routed

 New features
• Heterogonous networks & Relay nodes (improve
coverage)
• Small cell (pico/metro) (up to 64 user) 5 – 500 meter,
make offloading from macro cell
• Het net consist of macro/micro/pico/femto cells
• Lte relay connected by Radio with eNB (Donor eNB)
• Relay node receive the signal from Donor eNB ,
demodulate it and make error correction then send it
to UE (it act as UE w.r.t eNB) and eNB w.r.t UE.
• Adv: Relay node increase network density (good s/n),
network coverage extension without complete eNB,
rapid network roll-out (no backhaul) – relay node can
 CoMP
• Improve coverage / cell edge throughput
• Two types: intra-site CoMP same eNB, inter-site
multiple eNB
• Two ways to operate CoMP (coordinated
multipoint):
• joint processing (DL/UL happen to multi
adjacent eNB (data is transmitted
simultaneously from different eNB) – improve
quality and strength (need high demand on to
the backhaul network)
• Co-ordinated scheduling (beam forming): the
scheduling decision is taken by coordination
among the cells, decision which beam (in