NUCLEIC ACID

ARE A RELATIVELY ABUNDANT BIOLOGICAL POLYANION THAT CAN BIND TO

POSITIVELY CHARGED MISFOLDING PROTEIN OR AGGREGATES.
FROM: ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY, 2011

 ARE INVOLVED IN THE MOST IMPORTANT PROCESSES OCCURRING IN LIVING

CELLS AND POSSESS AN ENORMOUS POTENTIAL FOR SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS
WITH DIFFERENT BIOPOLYMERS. SPECIFICITY OF RECOGNITION OF DNA AND
RNA SPECIES BY COMPLEMENTARY NUCLEIC ACIDS IS UNIQUE IN THE WORLD
OF BIOPOLYMERS
FROM: PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 1997
 JOHANN FRIEDRICH
MIESCHER
• DISCOVERED A SUBSTANCE CONTAINING
BOTH PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN THE
NUCLEI OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS FOUND
IN PUS.
• THE SUBSTANCE, FIRST NAMED NUCLEIN
• BECAME KNOWN AS NUCLEIC ACID AFTER
1874, FROM :THE EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
 TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID ARE
FOUND
• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
• RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA).
(DNA)
• ONE OF THE THREE MAJOR
• THE GENETIC MATERIAL FOUND IN ALL
LIVING ORGANISMS, RANGING FROM BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
SINGLE-CELLED BACTERIA TO MULTICELLULAR THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR ALL
MAMMALS.
KNOWN FORMS OF LIFE
• FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF EUKARYOTES
AND IN THE ORGANELLES, CHLOROPLASTS,
AND MITOCHONDRIA. IN PROKARYOTES,
THE DNA IS NOT ENCLOSED IN A
MEMBRANOUS ENVELOPE. FROM: BIOLOGY LIBRE TEXT
 NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE
 MEAN SOMETHING AS SIMPLE AS THE
SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN A PIECE OF
DNA, OR SOMETHING AS COMPLEX AS THE
WAY THAT DNA MOLECULE FOLDS AND
HOW IT INTERACTS WITH OTHER
MOLECULES.
 PRIMARY STRUCTURE
• CONSISTS OF A LINEAR SEQUENCE OF
NUCLEOTIDES THAT ARE LINKED
TOGETHER BY PHOSPHODIESTER BOND
• NUCLEOTIDES CONSISTS OF 3
COMPONENTS
• NITROGEN BASE
• 5-CARBON SUGAR
• ONE OR MORE PHOSPHATE GROUP
 SECONDARY STRUCTURE
THE SET OF INTERACTION BETWEEN
BASES
• IN DNA DOUBLE HELIX , THE TWO
STRANDS OF DNA ARE HELD
TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS .
THE NUCLEOTIDES ON A STRAND
BASE PAIR WITH THE NUCLEOTIDE
ON THE OTHER STRAND.
• RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SHAPE THAT
THE NUCLEI ACID ASSUMES
 TERTIARY STRUCTURE
• THE LOCATION OF ATOM IN 3-
DIMENSIONAL SPACE, TAKING INTO
CONSIDERATION GEOMETRICAL AND
STERIC CONSTRAITS.
• A HIGHER ORDER THAN THE
SECONDARY STRUCTURE IN WHICH
LARGE SCALE FOLDING IN A LINEAR
POLYMER OCCURS AND THE ENTIRE
CHAIN IS FOLDED INTO A SPECIFIC 3
DIMENSIONAL SHAPE.
 QUATERNARY
• SIMILAR TO THE PROTEIN
STRUCTURE
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
• REFERS TO A HIGHER LEVEL
OF ORGANIZATION OF
NUCLEIC ACIDS.
• ALSO REFERS TO THE
INTERACTIONS OF THE
NUCLEIC ACID WITH OTHER
MOLECULES.
NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE
BASE
PHOSPATE SUGAR
Ribose or PURINES PYRIMIDES
Deoxyribose
Cytocine (C)
Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) Uracil (U)

NUCLEOTIDES
 CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS

• THE NUCLEUS
CONTAINS THE CELL’S
DNA (GENOME) RNA
IS SYNTHESIZED IN
THE NUCLEUS ABD
EXPORTED TO
CYTOPLASM
HTTPS://BIO.LIBRETEXTS.ORG/TEXTMAPS/INTRODUCTORY_AND_GENERAL_BIOLOGY/BOOK%3A_GENERAL_BIOLOGY_(OPENSTAX)/1
%3A_THE_CHEMISTRY_OF_LIFE/3%3A_BIOLOGICAL_MACROMOLECULES/3.5%3A_NUCLEIC_ACIDS

HTTPS://BIOLOGYDICTIONARY.NET/NUCLEIC-ACID-STRUCTURE/#PRETTYPHOTO
DNA
 DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX
• DOUBLE HELIX CONSISTS OF TWO
SPIRAL CHAINS OF DNA.
• THE SHAPE IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF
SPIRAL STAIRCASE.
• COMPOSED OF NITROGENOUS
BASES (ADENINE, CYTOSINE,
GUANINE, AND THYMINE), A FIVE-
CARBON SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE),
AND PHOSPHATE MOLECULES.
DNA CONFORMATION
 B–DNA
• RIGHT HANDED HELIX
• INTERMEDIATE
• PLANES OF THE BASE PAIRS
NEARLY PERPENDICULARLY TO
THE HELIX AXIS
• TINY CENTRAL AXIS
• WIDE + DEEP MAJOR GROOVE
• NARROW + DEEP MAJOR
MINOR GROOVE
 A–DNA
• RIGHT HANDED HELIX
• WIDEST
• PLANES OF THE BASE PAIRS
INCLINED TO THE HELIX AXIS
• 6A HOLE ALONG HELIX SIX
• NARROW + DEEP MAJOR
GROOVE
• WIDE +SHALLOW MINOR
GROOVE
• LEFT- HANDED HELIX
Z – D N A
• NARROWEST
• PLANES OF THE BASE PAIRS
NEARLY PERPENDICULAR TO THE
HELIX AXIS
• NO INTERNAL SPACES
• NO MAJOR GROOVE
• NARROW + DEEP MINOR
GROOVE
 DIRECTION REPLICATION
• THE ENZYMES HELICASE UNWINDS SEVERAL SECTION OF PARENTS DNA
• AT EACH OPEN DNA SECTION CALLED ‘A REPLICATION FORK ‘, DNA POLYMERASE CATALYZES
THE FORMATION OF 5’-3’ ESTER BONDS OF THE LEADING STRAND.
• THE LAGGING STRAND WHICH GROWS IN THE 3’-5’ DIRECTION , IS SYNTHESIZED , IN A
SHORT SECTION IS CALLED OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS.
• OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS ARE JOINED BY DNA LIGASETO GIVE A SINGLE 3’-5’ DNA STRAND.
 FUNCTION OF DNA
1. GENETIC MATERIAL OF LIVING SYSTEMS, IT IS A SUPER CHIP EVER
MADE BY MAN PRESENT IN LIVING SYSTEM
2. CONTAINS OF ALL INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR THE
FORMATION OF AN INDIVIDUALS OR ORGANISM.
3. CONVERTED TO CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF LIVING
ORGANISMS LIKE COLOUR OF THE SKIN AND EYE, HEIGHT,
INTELLIGENCE, ABILITY TO METABOLIZE PARTICULAR SUBSTANCE
ABILITY TO WITH STAND STRESS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE AND
UNABLE TO PRODUCE OR SYNTHESIZED CERTAIN SUBSTANCES
ETC.
4. SOURCE OF INFORMATION OF ALL CELLULAR PROTEINS
(GENES)
5. PROVIDES INFORMATION INHERITED BY DAUGHTER CELLS
FROM THE PARENT CELL
6. THE AMOUNT OF DNA PER CELL IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
COMPLEXITY OF THE ORGANISM AND HENCE TO THE
AMOUNT OF GENETIC INFORMATION.THE AMOUNT OF DNA
IN MAMMALIAN CELL IS 1000 TIMES MORE THAN BACTERIA.
7. AMOUNT OF DNA IN ANY GIVEN SPECIES OR CELL IS
CONSTANT AND IS NOT AFFECTED BY NUTRITIONAL OR
METABOLIC STATES.
 RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
 MUCH MORE ABUNDANT THAN DNA
 THERE ARE SEVERAL IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RNA AND DNA
-IN RNA , URACIL REPLACES THE BASE THYMINE ( U PAIRS WITH A)
- RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED WHILE DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDE
-RNA MOLECULE IS MUCH SMALLER
-THE PENTOSE SUGAR IN RNA IS RIBOSE , IN DNA IT’S DEOXYRIBOSE
 THREE MAIN TYPES OF RNA
RIBOSOMAL ( RRNA )
MESSENGER ( MRNA )
TRANSFER ( TRNA )
TYPES OF RNA
MOLECULES
RIBOSOMAL RNA AND MESSENGER RNA
 RIBOSOMAL ARE THE SITES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
-THEY CONSIST OF RIBOSOMAL DNA (65 %) AND PROTEINS (35%0
-THEY HAVE 2 SUBUNITS A LARGER ONE AND THE SMALLER ONE
MESSENGER RNA CARRIES THE GENETIC CODE TO THE
RIBOSOMES
-THEY ARE STRANDS OF RNA THAT ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO THE
DNA OF THE GENE FOR THE PROTEIN TO BE SYNTHESIZED
 TRANSFER RNA
• TRANSLATES THE GENETIC CODE FROM THE MESSENFGER RNA AND BRINGS SPECIFIC AMINO ACID TO THE
RIBOSOME FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• EACH AMINO ACID IS RECOGNIZED BY ONE OR MORE SPECIFIC TRNA
• TRANSFER RNA HAS A TERTIARY STRUCTURE THAT IS L-SHAPED
• ONE END ATTACHES TO THE AMINO ACID AND THE OTHER BINDS TO THE MRNA BY A 3-BASE COMPLEMENTARY
SEQUENCE
IMPORTANT CONCLUSION
 GROUP 4
BSN 181
• LEADER: JOLINA MAE D.G TORRES
MEMBERS : ELIZABETH ERYQUA A. TAGUIBAO
• DUNE DARIUS MEYER SIPIN
• ACEL VALDEZ