GLOBALTRAINING PROGRAMME

FOR THE PARTICIPANTS FROM

SRILANKA

IIP,INDIA 27TH APRIL,2011

INTRODUCTION TO PACKAGING

PROF. N.C. SAHA

DIRECTOR
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PACKAGING
 BACKGROUND
• INDIAN ECONOMY IS BASED ON AGRICULTURE.

• 2ND LARGEST PRODUCERS OF FOOD

GRAINS,SUGAR,FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

• 3RD LARGEST PRODUCERS OF COTTON.

• 7TH LARGEST PRODUCERS OF FISH.

• DESPITE OF THIS, INDIA ACCOUNTS ONLY 1.5 %

OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE.

• ONLY 7% OF FRESH PRODUCE IS PROCESSED.

 BACKGROUND
• ON THE CONTRARY, A NATIONAL
LOSS OF FRESH PRODUCE IS ABOUT
35-40%.
• MAJOR CAUSES ARE DUE TO
MISHANDLING DURING STORAGE
AND TRANSPORTATION, LACK OF
STORAGE FACILITIES AND
IMPROPER AND UNSCIENTIFIC
PACKAGING.
 INDIAN CONSUMER
• PREFERS TO BUY FRESH PRODUCE AND
COOK AT HOME.
• CAUSES TO LESS PURCHASE OF
PROCESSED FOOD ITEM.
• GENERAL PERCEPTION IS THAT
PROCESSING REDUCES THE
NOURISHMENT DURING PROCESSING
• PACKAGING ADDS TO THE COST.
• MISCONCEPTION OR MYTH ARE TO BE
REMOVED IMMEDIATELY THROUGH
AWARENESS PROGRAMME.
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF
PACKAGING MATERIALS
COUNTRY QUANTITY
INDIA 6.7 KGS
FRANCE 208.3 KGS
JAPAN 172.5 KGS
GERMAN 164.9 KGS
CHINA 11.5 KGS
KOREA 21.0 KGS
WHAT IS THE MEANING
OF

PACKING

&

PACKAGING
 PACKING
IT IS AN OPERATION
RELATED
TO
ANY ACTIVITIES
OF
PACKAGING
 PACKAGING
• A COORDINATED SYSTEM OF
PREPARING GOODS FOR TRANSPORT,
DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, RETAILING
AND END USE.

• AN ESSENTIAL TOOL IN PRODUCT

PROTECTION, DISTRIBUTION,
MARKETING & CONSUMER
SATISFACTION.
 PACKAGING
• PACKAGING IS NOT MERELY WRAPPING
THE PRODUCT AND PUT TO THE MARKET.

• A COMBINATION OF SCIENCE, ART &

TECHNOLOGY.

• AN INSTRUMENT OR TOOL FOR

MARKETING.

• THE HEART OF MERCHANDISING.

 PACKAGING
• LINKAGE BETWEEN PRODUCTION AND
MARKETING.

• AN INSTRUMENT FOR MARKETING.

• LAST OUTPUT FOR PRODUCTION BUT

FIRST INPUT FOR MARKETING.

• PACKAGE ACTS AS A SILENT SALESMAN.

 PACKAGING
SERVES TWO BASIC FUNCTIONS

MARKETING

LOGISTICS
 PACKAGING
• INVOLVES TO BASIC TWO AREAS
MARKETING
• PACKAGE PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT
THE PRODUCT
• PROMOTES THE PRODUCT THROUGH
ATTRACTIVE GRAPHICS
• ATTRACTS ATTENTION TO THE CUSTOMER.
• ACTS AS A SILENT SALESMAN
LOGISTICS
• A MEANS OF ENSURING SAFE DELAIVERY TO
THE ULTIMATE IN SOUND CONDITION AT
MINIMUM COST.
 PACKAGING
THOUGHT

PACKAGING ADDS TO COST

OR

PACKAGING ADDS THE VALUE

TO THE PRODUCT
 ROLE OF PACKAGING
• PACKAGING PLAYS A VITAL ROLE FOR
– FOOD PRESERVATION.
– PROTECTION DURING STORAGE,
HANDLING, TRANSPORTATION AND
DISTRIBUTION.

• A SYMBOL OF VALUE ADDITION.

• A CONVEYOR OF CONVENIENCE TO
CUSTOMER.
 PACKAGING
• REDUCES WASTE DUE TO MISHANDLING,
IMPROPER STORAGE AND
TRANSPORTATION

• ASSURED ABOUT RIGHT QUANTITATIVE

AND QUALITATIVE FOODS
 PACKAGING
• PACKAGING PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT
STRETEGIC ROLE AND TOOL FOR
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVED
BUSINESS PERFORMANCES.

• IT IS ALSO CONSIDERED AS NEED BASED

TECHNOLOGY.

• IT IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE

BRANDING PROCESS.
 HISTORY OF PACKAGING
• PACKAGING INDUSTRY STARTED IN 1950’s.

• HOWEVER, IT BECAME NOTICEABLE IN 1960’s.

• THESE INDUSTRIES GREW IN SIZE IN 1970.

• REVOLUTIONALIZED HAPPENED ONLY IN

1980.

• THE TECHNOLOGIES GOT UPDATED IN THE

LATE 1990’s AND 2000.
 PACKAGING
• IN SHORT, PACKAGING IS THE SYSTEM WHICH
COMPLIES WITH “3M” CONCEPT
– M - MATERIALS
– M - MACHINERIES
– M – MANPOWER

• FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGES DENOTED BY “3P”

– P - PRESERVATION
– P - PROTECTION
– P - PRESENTATION
6-P ELEMENTS FOR CONSUMER
PRODUCTS
PROTECTION PRESERVATION

PRICE PACKAGING PROFIT

PRESENTATION PROMOTION
 PACKAGING
• RECENTLY, IT HAS GAINED POPULARITY
DUE TO

- GROWING CONSUMER AWARENESS

- WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR VALUE
AND HYGENIC PRODUCTS.
- INCREASE IN GROWTH OF EXPORTS
- DEMAND FOR BETTER, ATTRACTIVE,
VALUE ADDED, CONSUMER FRIENDLY
PACKAGE.
 PACKAGING ATTRIBUTES
• THE PACKAGE MUST ATTRACT ATTENTION.

• THE PACKAGE MUST TELL THE PRODUCT STORY.

• THE PACKAGE MUST BUILD CONFIDENCE.

• THE PACKAGE MUST LOOK CLEAN AND SANITARY.

• THE PACKAGE MUST BE CONVENIENT TO HANDLE, TO

CARRY AND TO USE.

• THE PACKAGE MUST LOOK LIKE GOOD VALUE.

PACKAGING OF
FISH AND FISH
PRODUCTS
FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS

•FRESH FISH

•FROZEN FISH

•CANNED FISH

•DRIED FISH

•VALUE ADDED FISH PRODUCTS

 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
•EXTREMELY PERISHABLE PRODUCT.

•PRONE TO MICROBIAL ATTACK.

•TENDENCY TO BECOME DRY.

•WEIGHT LOSSES.

• UNACCEPTABLE FISHY SMELL.

• DETERIORATION OF QUALITY IN TERMS OF
TASTE AND COLOUR.
• LIMITED SHELF LIFE-5 TO 6 HOURS.
REQUIREMENT OF PACKAGING
FOR FRESH OR RAW FISH
PACKAGES SHOULD HAVE LOW
TEMPARATURE RETENTION CAPACITY.

SHOULD HAVE GOOD MECHANICAL

STRENGTH.
 SHOULD HAVE PROPER DRAINAGE
FACILITY FOR MELTED WATER.
 REQUIREMENT OF PACKAGING
FOR PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
 SHOULD BE COMPATIBLE WITH FOOD PRODUCT.

 EASY TO HANDLE AND CARRY.

 SHOULD BE ECO-FRIENDLY.

 EASY TO IDENTIFY.

 SHOULD MEET THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET

REQUIREMENT.
PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS
FOR FRESH FISH
•TO REDUCE DEHYDRATION
•TO PREVENT FAT OXIDATION
•SHOULD BE EASY TO WASH
•ACCESS TO DRAIN OUT EXCESS WATER.
•TO PREVENT ODOUR PERMEATION
•LOW TEMPERATURE RETENTION
THROUGH PROPER INSULATION
•SHOULD HAVE GOOD MECHANICAL
STRENGTH
FRESH FISH - PACKAGE FORMS
AND MATERIALS

BULK TRANSPORT / PACKAGING

• TRADITIONAL BASKETS - POLY SHEET LINER
• PLYWOOD BOXES

• COLLAPSIBLE ALUMINIUM CONTAINERS

• INSULATED MOULDED PLASTIC CONTAINERS

• MOULDED CONTAINER - EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE
(EPS)
FRESH FISH - PACKAGE FORMS
AND MATERIALS
RETAIL PACKAGING
 SHALLOW TRAY WITH OVERWRAP FILM AND
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABEL

TRAY MATERIALS:
 MOULDED PULP
 FOAM POLYSTYRENE
 CLEAR POLYSTRENE

OVERWRAP FILM:
 GENERALLY FOOD GRADE PVC
barrier flexible films. These high barrier films are ideally suited as lidding films
on readymade trays and as top webs on all thermoform-fill seals lines
 MOULDED EXPANDED
POLYSTYRENE CONTAINER
EPS FISH BOXES
Example of plastic packaging (retail display) Dried Fish
OYESTER TRAYS
 MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE
PACKAGING FOR FRESH FISH
 INCREASE IN SELF-LIFE BY MAP AS COMPARED
TO NORMAL PACKAGING.

 IF SHELF-LIFE IS TAKEN AS HIGH QUALITY

AT EARLY STAGE, MARGINAL EXTENSION IS
OBSERVED

 IF SHELF-LIFE IS TAKEN AT A POINT

ACCEPTABLE TO THE PUBLICHEALTH SERVICE,
THE EXTENSION IS CONSIDERABLE
PLASTIC CONTAINERS AND
LIDDING FILMS FOR MAP OF
FRESH FISH
PET PA EVOH
PVDC PVDC PC
LDPE LDPE EVA

HDPE LDPE LDPE

UPVC EVOH
EPS
 SELECTION OF PACKAGING
MATERIALS FOR MAP
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
 GAS BARRIER
 WATER VAPOUR BARRIER
 HEAT SEALABILITY
 RESISTANCE TO MECHANICAL DAMAGE
 OIL RESISTANCE
 TRANSPARENCY
 DRIP ABSORBANCE
 INSULATION
New Printed Trays
Fresh MAP seafood – shelf-life determination

Time-temperature indicators (e.g. VITSAB)

can be used to evaluate shelflife
of fresh MAP fish under dynamic
temperature storage conditions
GROWTH OF SPOILAGE BACTERIA IN FRESH MAP COD FILLETS
 COOKED MAP STRIPS

COLD WATER SHRIMPS

(PANDALUS BOREALIS)
• MAP WITH 20 - 40% CO2
• 1.5-2.0 % NACL IN THE WATER
PHASE
• PH ~ 7.7
• POTENTIEL GROWTH OF LISTERIA
MONOCYTOGENES LIMITS SHELF-
LIFE
OF THIS READY-TO-EAT PRODUCT
Cooked and brined MAP shrimps
Dried fish
WHITE TUNA - IN WATER PROCESSED FROM FRESHLY
CAUGHT TONGOL TUNA,
SOLID PACK, 15% FLAKES,
EASY OPEN CANS.
 PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS
FOR FROZEN FISH

SPOILAGE FACTORS
* MOISTURE LOSS / DEHYDRATION
* OXIDATION / RANCIDITY
* ODOUR PERMEATION

PACKAGE REQUIREMENTS
* LOW WATER VAPOUR BARRIER
* LOW OXYGEN BARRIER
* AROMA RETENTION
* STABILITY AT SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURES
 BLOCK FROZEN SHRIMPS
PACKAGE FORMS AND MATERIALS
PACKAGE FOR BLOCK / PLATE FROZEN SHRIMPS
 GLAZING
 INNER WRAPPER BAG
 PRIMARY CARTON
 MASTER CARTON
 STRAPPING / SHRINK PACKAGING

STORAGE AT MINUS 180 C

BLOCK FROZEN SHRIMP/SQUIDS
READY SALADS AND FISH PUDDING PACKAGING
IN TRAY SEALING IN MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE (MAP) IN RIGID TRAYS
Frozen fish fillets packaging in vertical machine (vffs) in reclosable pack
 IQF SHRIMP
PACKAGE FORMS AND MATERIALS
PACKAGE FOR INDIVIDUALLY QUICK FROZEN
SHRIMPS
 GLAZING
 UNIT POUCH/WRAPPER / PLASTIC TRAYS
 PRIMARY CARTON
 MASTER CARTON
 STRAPPING / SHRINK PACKAGING

STORAGE AT MINUS 180 C

IQF LOBSTER
LAMINATED CARTON FOR
IQF SHRIMP
PLASTIC TRAYS FOR IQF
SHRIMPS
PLASTIC TRAYS FOR IQF
CRABS
 PRINTED
PLASTIC
LAMINATED
POUCH FOR
IQF SHRIMP
 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS OF
DRI FISH- SPOILAGE FACTORS
 MOISTURE ABSORPTION
 OXIDATION / RANCIDITY
 INSECT INFESTATION

PACKAGE FORMS
 BASKETS WITH HESSIAN LINING
 HESSIAN SACKS

REQUIREMENTS
 USE OF MODERN PLASTIC BASED LAMINATES
 POSSIBILITY OF GAS FLUSH/ VACUUM PACKS
DRIED FISH VENDING
 Dried fishery products

Frozen products
Frozen shrimp is the most important marine export of India. Conventionally shrimp was frozen as 2 kg blocks
in duplex board cartons lined with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and 10 such cartons are packed in a master
carton made of 5 ply or 7 ply corrugated fibre board boxes. There is now great demand from importing countries
for shrimp in individually quick frozen (IQF) form (Figure 2). IQF shrimp is packed into plastic film pouches.
The other major IQF products are cooked whole lobster, lobster tail, lobster meat, cuttle fish fillets, boiled
clam meat and fish fillets from white lean fish.
 VALUE ADDED FISH PRODUCTS
BATTERED AND BREADED PRODUCTS
FROZEN STORAGE - THEMOFORMED TRAYS WITH PLASTIC
FILMS
FISH CURRY
RETORTABLE FLEXIBLE POUCHES
SURIMI
PACKED AS BLOCKS IN PLASTIC FILM WITH AN OUTER
PAPERBOARD CARTON
AFD PRODUCTS
FLEXIBLE LAMINATE POUCH - LOW OTR & WVTR
FISH SOUP POWDER
FLEXIBLE LAMINATE POUCH - LOW OTR & WVTR
PACKAGING FOR FISH & SEAFOOD

VACUUM PACKAGING
PACKAGE REQUIREMENTS
• EASY TO OPEN. • EASY TO PRINT ON THE
• EASY TO CLOSE. PACKAGE.
• EASY TO DISPOSE • SHOULD HAVE GOOD
OFF. IMPACT RESISTANCE.
• EASY TO DISPENSE. • ECONOMIC AND SAFE.
• EASY TO HANDLE. • EASY TO DISPLAY.
• EASY TO IDENTIFY. • CONVENIENCE IN SIZE
• EASY TO RECYCLE. AND SHAPE.
• PILFER-PROOF. • INSTRUCT.
• EYE-APPEAL.
 FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR
REQUIREMENT OF PACKAGING

CRITICAL FACTORS OF FOOD PRODUCTS :

WHO ?

HOW ?

WHERE ?

HOW LONG ?
 PACKAGING MATERIALS
PRIMARY
• PAPER & PAPERBOARDS.
• PLASTIC FILM AND LAMINATES.
• PLASTIC CONTAINERS.
• GLASS CONTAINERS.
• METAL CONTAINERS.
• COMPOSITE CONTAINERS
• NATURAL FABRIC MATERIAL.
• SYNTHETIC FABRIC MATERIALS
 PACKAGING MATERIALS
ANCILLARY

• VAST VARIETY OF COATINGS.

• DIFFERENT KINDS OF SEALENT
LAYERS.
• A LARGE VARIETY OF ADHESIVES.
• LARGE VARIETY OF PRIMARY INKS.
• VAST VARIETY OF LACQURES &
VARNISHES.
 REQUIREMENT OF PACKAGING
FOR EXPORT MARKET

 SHOULD MEET THE LABELLING REQUIREMENT.

 LABELS SHOULD BE BAR CODED.

 ‘ECOMARK’ LABELS FOR EEC COUNTRIES.

 MAINTAIN THE ISPN-15 MEASURES SPECIALLY FOR

WOOD BASED TRANSPORT PACKAGES.
 REQUIREMENT OF PACKAGING
FOR EXPORT MARKET

 METAL ELEMENTS LIKE LEAD, COPPER, ETC. OF

PAPER AND PAPERBOARD WITHIN PERMISSIBLE
LIMIT.

 SHOULD COMPLY WITH FOOD GRADE PACKAGING

MATERIALS.
 PACKAGING REQUIREMENT FOR
GLASS CONTAINERS

• LIGHT IN WEIGHT

• LEAK PROOF

• GOOD WORKMANSHIP

• CHEMICALLY TREATED
 PACKAGING REQUIREMENT FOR
METAL CONTAINERS

• FOOD GRADE LACQUERS

• LEAK PROOF

• HIGH VACUUM RESISTANCE

• ROHS COMPLIANCE
 PACKAGING REQUIREMENT FOR
FLEXIBLE PACKAGES
• HIGH TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE.

• HIGH BARRIER PROPERTY

• ADEQUATE PEEL BOND STRENGTH.

• GOOD HEAT SEAL PROPERTY.

• PEARLISED, HOLOGRAPHIC ETC. TO

ENHANCE APPEAL.
 UNIT PACKAGES
• PAPER BAGS.

• PAPERBOARD CARTONS.

• PLASTIC FILM AND LAMINATE BASED

POUCHES.& BAGS.

• GLASS AMPULES & VIALS, BOTTLES & CONTAINERS.

• METAL CANS.

• COMPOSITE CANS.

• PLASTIC BOTTLES & JARS.

• JUTE BAGS.

• PLASTIC WOVEN FABRIC BASED BAGS..

 BULK PACKAGES
• PAPER SACKS.

• STEEL CONTAINERS.

• METAL DRUMS & BARRELS

.
• COMPOSITE CONTAINERS.

• PLASTIC DRUMS & BARRELS.

• PLASTIC WOVEN SACKS.

• CORRUGATED FIBRE BOARD BOXES.

• WOODEN BOXES.

• PLYWOOD BOXES.

• FLEXIBLE INTERMEDIATE BULK CONTAINERS.

• RIGID INTERMEDIATE BULK CONTAINERS.

 STATUTORY LABELLING
• PRE-PRINTED ON CONSUMER
PACKAGE (UNDER P.C. RULES)
– NAME & ADDRESS OF MFRR./PACKER
– MONTH OF YEAR OF PACKING
– COMMON / GENERIC NAME OF PRODUCT
– NET QUANTITY (WT. OR VOL.)
– BEST BEFORE……. (FOOD)
– EXPIRY DATE ……. (PHARMA)
– NOT INTENDED FOR RETAIL SALE
(GROUP OR MULTI-PIECE PACKAGE)
 STATUTORY LABELLING
• PRINTING ON CONSUMER PACKAGE AT
THE TIME OF PACKING

– BATACH NO.

– MAXIMUM RETAIL PRICE OR M.R.P. - RS….

(INCLUSIVE ALL TAXES)
STATUTORY MARKING
PRE-PRINTED ON CONSUMER
PACKAGE FOR PROCESSED FOODS
• VEGETARIAN
– SYMBOL OF FILLED GREEN CIRCLE WITH
SQUARE GREEN OUTLINE ON WHITE
BACKGROUND
– NON-VEGETARIAN
• SYMBOL OF FILLED BROWN CIRLE WITH
SQUARE DOUBLE BROWN OUTLINE
– LOGO OF FPO (FOR FRUIT PRODUCTS)
– LOGO OF MPO (FOR MEAT PRODUCSTS)
TO DECLARE THE IMPORTANT INFORMATION
AS PER THE STATUTORY REQUIREMENT
OPTIONAL MARKING
• FOR EXPORTS
– LOGO OF APEDA
• FRESH & PROCESSED FOOD
– LOGO OF MPEDA
• MEAT/ FISH/ POULTRY
– BAR CODE
• FOR ORGANIZED SECTOR
– ECO-MARK
• TO EEC COUNTRIES
. TO CARRY THE SYMBOL OF ECO-MARK OR
ECO-LABELING TO MEET THE REQUIREMENT
OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
1. PICTORIAL MARKINGS ARE NORMALLY
PRINTED ON THE OUTSIDE SURFACE OF
TRANSPORT PACKAGES