PRAKASH KASHYAP

B.Sc. Engineering (Electrical), MIT Muzaffarpur, Bihar.

Scientific officer,
NRG, BARC,
DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY
• Why are renewable energy sources so
important in contemporary world?

• What are the issues related to presently

available energy sources?
The three main issues related to the
contemporary energy sources are:

• Environmental
• Economics
• Sustainability
Source: www.ren21.net
PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN YEAR 2005

Country GDP per TPES per Electricity

Capita- PPP Capita (kgoe) consumption per
(US$) capita (kWh)

India 2732 520 435

China 4838 1090 1379

US 35487 7835 13066

World 7868 1688 2429

PPP - purchasing power parity

TPES- Total primary energy supply
Kgoe – kg of oil equivalent.

Source: IEA (2005) key world energy statistics 2005- www.iea.org

 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE)
• In 1981, Government of India set up a commission for additional
sources of Energy in the Department of Science and Technology.

• In 1982, a full-fledged independent—the Department of Non-

conventional Energy Sources—was set up in the then Ministry of
Energy.

• In 1992, DNES became the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy

Sources.

• In 2006, the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was

renamed as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
 MISSION OF MNRE:

• Energy security
• Increase in the share of clean power
• Energy Availability and Access
• Energy affordability
• Energy Equity
 PROGRAM OF MNRE
Grid interactive
1. Wind power
2. Small hydro power
3. Bio-mass power
4. Urban and industrial waste to energy
Off grid renewable power
1. Small wind energy and hybrid system
2. Small hydro power plant
3. Bio-mass power
4. Bio-mass gassifier
5. Bio-gas power
Renewable energy for rural application
For remote villages.
1. Remote villages lighting
2. village energy security test projects.
For all villages
1. Solar energy.
2. Family type bio-gas plant.
 PROGRAM OF MNRE
Research , design and technology development

Renewable Energy for Urban, Industrial & Commercial Applications

Solar energy devices and systems

Energy recovered from urban wastes
Energy recovered from industrial wastes
Biomass energy and co-generation ( non-bagasse) in industry.

Support Programs for Renewable Energy

• Planning and coordination

• Information and public awareness
• Technology information forecating and acessment and data bank.
• International relation
• Regional offices
• Renewal energy park scheme.
 SOLAR ENERGY BASICS
Direct conversion to thermal energy.
To heat water (homes, buildings, and swimming
pools)
To heat spaces (green houses, homes and other
buildings)
conversion to electrical energy.
Photovoltaic
Solar power plants ( out of 15 known solar generating
units operating in united states at the end of 2006 10
of these are in California and 5 are in Arizona.)
 Photovoltaic cell
• The photo voltaic cell was discovered in 1954 by Bell Telephone
researchers examining the sensitivity of a properly prepared silicon
wafer to sunlight.
• In the beginning of late 1950’S, photovoltaic cells were used to
power US space satellites.
• Since photovoltaic cells produce DC, inverter is required to convert it
into AC for commercial use.

Major advantages of photovoltaic systems.

No bulky mechanical generator systems.

PV arrays can be installed quickly and in any size required or allowed.
Minimal environmental Impact—requiring no water for system cooling
and generating no byproducts.
SIMPLE SCHEMATIC OF A PV CELL

source: www.eia.doe.gov
 THERMAL ENERGY FROM SOLAR
ENERGY
• Passive space heating – no mechanical equipment is
needed.
• Active heating system—requires a collector to absorb
and collect solar radiation and, fans or pumps to
circulate heated air or heat absorbing fluid.
• Solar collectors can either be
• concentrating collectors – have a collector area more
than the absorber area -
• non-concentrating collectors.– have a collector area
same as that of the absorber area- eg. Flat plate
collectors for temperatures up to 2000 deg Fahrenheit.
 SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Solar thermal technologies use concentrator systems

because high temperatures needed to heat the fluid
.
Three main types of solar power plant systems are
1. Parabolic trough
2. Solar dish
3. Solar power tower
PARABOLIC TROUGH :

source: www.eia.doe.gov

Linear parabolic shape reflector that focuses the sun’s radiation on a

linear receiver located at the focus of the parabola.

 The collector tracks the suns axis from east to west during day time
to ensure maximum exposure of receiver to the sun’s radiation.

 The concentration ratio is 30 to 100 times its natural intensity on the

receiver coil located at its focus and raising the temperature up to
400 deg C.
 SOLAR DISH

• Solar dish concentrates the suns radiation

source: www.eia.doe.gov
similar to solar trough.

• This also utilizes the solar collectors that track

the suns axis from east to west.

• The concentration ratio is much higher than

the solar trough it is about 2000 times than the
solar trough.
 SOLAR POWER TOWER

• It generates electricity from

sun light by focusing solar
energy on a tower mounted
heat exchanger.

• The concentration is 1500

times that of the energy
coming from the sun.

source: www.eia.doe.gov
The 16 kW SPV Power Plant established at village Nurda in Jhinkpani block,

West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. Inset shows the control panel

source: www.mnre.nic.in
ADVANTAGES OF USING SOLAR POWER

1.Abundant availability

2. Environment friendly.
 DISADVANTAGES OF USING SOLAR
POWER
• The availability of sun light is not always constant. It
depends on location , time of the day, time of year ,
weather conditions.

• Requires large surface area to collect the energy at the

useful rate.

• Economics
 NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY
Estimated potential and cumulative achievements as on 31.1.2007
Source: www.mnes.nic.in
No. Sources / Systems Estimated Cumulative
Potential Achievements

I. Power From Renewables

A. Grid-interactive renewable power
1. Bio Power (Agro residues) 16,8811 MWe 510.00 MW

2. Wind Power 45,1952 MWe 6315.00 MW

3. Small Hydro Power (up to 25 MW) 15,0003 MWe 1905.00 MW

4. Cogeneration-bagasse 5,0004 MWe 602.00 MW

5. Waste to Energy 2,7005 MWe 40.95 MW
Sub Total (in MW) (A) 84,7766 MWe 9372.95 MW

B. Distributed renewable power

6. Solar Power - 2.92 MW
7 Biomass Power / Cogen.(non-bagasse) - 34.30 MW

8. Biomass Gasifier - 75.85 MW

9. Waste-to- Energy - 11.03 MW
Sub Total (B) - 124.10 MW
Total ( A + B ) - 9497.05 MW
II. Remote Village Electrification - 2501 villages + 830
hamlets

III. Decentralised Energy Systems

10. Family Type Biogas Plants 120 lakh 38.90 lakh

11. Solar Photovoltaic Programme 20 MW/sq.km.

i. Solar Street Lighting System - 54659 nos.

ii. Home Lighting System - 301603 nos.

iii. Solar Lantern - 463058 nos.

iv. Solar Power Plants - 1859.80 kWp

12. Solar Thermal Programme -

i. Solar Water Heating Systems - 1.66 million sq.m. collector

area
ii. Solar Cookers - 6.03 lakh

13. Wind Pumps - 1141 nos.

14. Aero-generator /Hybrid Systems - 572 kW

15. Solar Photovoltaic Pumps - 7068 nos.

IV. Other Programmes

16. Energy Parks - 493 nos.
17. Akshay Urja Shops - 104 nos.
18. Battery Operated Vehicle - 255 nos.
 Total Installed Capacity of power plant in India
(In MW)
(As on January 31, 2008)

RENW 10855.24
8%
NUCL
4120
3%

HYD
35208.76
Coal
25%
75002.38
53%
OIL
1201.71
1%
GAS
14691.71
10%
Total Installed Capacity : 1,41,079.84 MW

Renewable Energy Sources(RES) include Small Hydro Project, Biomas

Gasfier, Biomass Power, Urban & Industrial Water Power , Renewable
Sources
 REFERENCES

• http://openlearn.open.ac.uk
• http://mnes.nic.in/
• http://www.eia.doe.gov
• http://www.nrel.gov
• http://powermin.nic.in
• http://www.wikipedia.org
• http://www.ren21.net