CIRCUIT THEORY APPLIED IN

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• BASIC LAWS IN CIRCUIT THEORY
• DIODE BASED PROBLEM
• DATA SHEET
• TRANSISTOR BASED PROBLEM
• DATA SHEET OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
TRANSISTOR
• CONCLUSION
 OUTCOME OF THE COURSE
• Students are able to understand the circuital
concept associated with the design.
• Develop the capability to analyze and design
simple circuits containing non-linear elements
such as transistors using the concepts of load
lines, operating points and the practical
applications of the various electronic
components.
 INTRODUCTION
• A circuit consists of a mesh of loops.
• Represented as branches and nodes in an
undirected graph.
• Circuit components reside in the branches.
 BASIC CONCEPT
• Circuit analysis is concerned with the computation of
voltages and currents in a circuit for a certain
excitation.
• These are based on three types of equations found in
circuit theory:
– Ohm’s equation
– Kirchoff's voltage law (KVL)
– Kirchoff's current law (KCL)
 Ohm’s Law
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the voltage applied to it and
is inversely proportional to the resistor’s value.
• Stated mathematically:

V
+ -
I R
V = IR
• Where: I is the current (amperes)
• V is the potential difference (volts)
• R is the resistance (ohms)
 Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb with a resistance
of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how much current will be drawn from
the battery?

• Solution:

VR R

VR 6V
IR    0.04 A  40 mA
R 150 
 Kirchhoff laws
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
– The sum of all of the voltage drops in a series circuit equals the total
applied voltage.
– Σ voltage drops - Σ voltage rises = 0 (or) Σ voltage drops = Σ voltage
rises .
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
– The total current in a parallel circuit equals the sum of the individual
branch currents.
– Σ currents in - Σ currents out = 0 (or) Σ currents in = Σ currents out .
 CIRCUIT THEORY BASED
PROBLEMS ON DIODES
Problem-1
For the Zener diode network and the determine VL, VR, IZ,
PZ and again repeat the network with RL = 3 k Ω .
Solution
The network is redrawn as

Since V = 8.73 V is less than VZ =10 V

the diode is in “OFF” state.
Problem-2
Determine the output waveform for the network and
calculate the output dc level and the required PIV of
each diode.
 Problem-3

Determine the range of values of VI that will maintain the Zener

diode “ON” state
PROBLEMS BASED ON TRANSISTOR
Problem-1
Determine the following IB,IC,VCE,VB,VC & VBC for the
given fixed bias configuration.
Problem-2
Determine the following
IB,IC,VCE,VB,VC & VBC for
the given fixed bias Solution :
configuration.
Problem-3
Determine the dc bias voltage VCE and the current IC for the
voltage-divider configuration.
 Problem-4

Solution
• Determine the dc bias
voltage VCE and the
current IC for the
voltage-divider
configuration.
Problem-5

For the emitter bias network determine the IB , IC , VE , VBC ,

VC ,VCE
Problem-6

For the emitter bias network determine

the IB , IC , VE , VBC , VC ,VCE Solution:
Problem-7

For the series diode configuration circuit, determine the VD ID

VR
Solution :
• Since the applied voltage establishes a current in the
clockwise direction to match the arrow of the symbol and
the diode is in the “on” state.
Problem-8

Determine the current I for the network.

Solution:
Redrawing the network then the resulting current direction is
such as to turn on diode D1 and turn off diode D2. The
resulting current I is then
Problem-9

(a)Sketch the output VO and determine the dc level of the

output for the network of
(b) Repeat part (a) if the ideal diode is replaced by a silicon
diode.
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) if Vm is increased to 200 V.
 Solution:  if the ideal diode is replaced
 To find the VO and by a silicon diode then the
determine the dc level of output VO
the output for the network

 if Vm is increased to 200 V
The negative sign indicates
that the polarity of the output
is opposite to the defined
polarity.
Problem-10

• Determine VO for the network

Solution:
The polarity of the dc supply and the
direction of the diode strongly suggest
that the diode will be in the “on” state
for the negative region of the input
signal. For this region the network will
appear as shown in Fig, where the
defined terminals for VO require that VO
= V = 4 V.
The transition state can be determined from the
above Fig., where the condition id = 0 A at VD=
0 V has been imposed. The result is
VI(transition) =V =4 V. Since the dc supply is
obviously “pressuring” the diode to stay in the
short circuit state, the input voltage must be
greater than 4 V for the diode to be in the
“off”state. Any input voltage less than 4 V will
result in a short-circuited diode. For the open-
circuit state the network will appear as shown
in Fig. where VO = VI. Completing the sketch
of VO results in the waveform of Fig.
Problem-11

• Given that ICQ =2 mA and VCEQ =10 V, determine R1 and

RC for the network .
Solution

Solution:
Problem-12

• Determine the voltage VCB and the current IB for the

common-base configuration.
Solution:
Problem-13

The emitter-bias configuration circuit has the following

specifications: ICQ = ½ Icsat , Icsat , Icsat =8 mA, VC = 18 V, and
β= 110. Determine RC, RE, and RB.
Solution:
Problem-14

Determine RB and RC for the transistor inverter of if ICSAT =

10 mA.
Solution:
• At saturation