School of Library and Information Science

Central University of Gujarat

Ph. D. Course Work

Paper name: Research methodology

Presented by: Pallavi

A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully
representative) collection of units from a population
used to determine truths about that population”
(Field, 2005)
A small group of
people studied to
Sample collect information to
draw conclusion about
the larger group

Sample
Process of selecting the
observed ( studied)
(eg.) RQ: no. of average students use e-resources daily in CUG

Sample:
Population information
7000 obtained

Sample
70 Population:
results of
studies applied
here
 It saves

Time Money Effort

• Gives results with known accuracy that can be

calculated mathematically
• A survey of the entire population is sometime difficult
Probability Nonprobability
Sampling Sampling
 Simple random • Convenience
sample
• Judgment
 Systematic sample
 Stratified sample • Quota
 Cluster sample • Snowball
 Multistage area
sample
 A sampling procedure that
ensures that each element in the
population will have an equal
chance of being included in the
sample
Advantage
• Easy to implement with
random dialing
Disadvantage
• Time consuming
• Larger sample needed
• Produces larger errors
• High cost
 A simple process
 Every nth name from the list will be drawn

Advantages:
• Assures representation of
all groups in sample
population
Disadvantages:
• Requires accurate
information on proportions
of each stratum
• Stratified lists costly to
prepare
 Population is divided into two or more groups
called strata
 Subsamples are randomly selected from each
strata

Upper class Middle Lower class

class
Advantage Disadvantage
 Moderate cost;
moderate usage  Periodic ordering
 Simple to draw required
sample
 Easy to verify
 The population is divided into subgroups (clusters) like families
 A simple random sample is taken from each cluster

Population Element Possible Clusters in the United States

Airline travelers Airports
Planes

Sports fans Football stadiums

Basketball arenas
Baseball parks
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Can estimate  Costly
characteristics of  Each stage in cluster
both cluster and sampling introduces
population sampling error—the
more stages there
are, the more error
there tends to be
 Carried out in stages
 Using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage

Advantages Disadvantages
• Provides an unbiased • Often lower
estimate of statistical
population efficiency due to
parameters if subgroups
properly done being
• Economically more homogeneous
efficient than simple rather than
random heterogeneous
• Lowest cost per • Moderate cost
sample
• Easy to do without
list
 Convenience sampling involves choosing
respondents at the convenience of the researcher
Disadvantages
Advantages • Variability and bias cannot be
• Very low cost measured or controlled
• Extensively used/understood • Projecting data beyond sample
not justified
• Restriction of Generalization.
 Researcher employs his or her own "expert”
judgment about.

Advantages Disadvantages
 There is a assurance  Bias selection of
of Quality response sample may occur
 Meet the specific  Time consuming
objective. process.
The population is first segmented into mutually
exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified
sampling. Eg. A sample of 100 students
between the age of 20-25

Advantages Disadvantages
 Used when research  Variability and bias
budget is limited cannot be
 Very extensively measured/controlled
used/understood  Time Consuming
 No need for list of  Projecting data beyond
population elements sample not justified
The research starts with a key person and
introduce the next one to become a chain

Advantages Disadvantages
 Low cost  Not independent
 Useful in specific  Projecting data beyond
circumstances & for sample not justified
locating rare
populations
 It’s a process of assigning some symbols (either) alphabetical or numerals
or (both) to the answers so that the responses can be recorded into a limited
number of classes or categories.
 The coding is necessary for the efficient analysis of data.
 Coding for an open-ended question is more tedious than the closed ended
question.

What is your sex?

•Male
•Female
We may assign a code of `0' to male and `1' to female respondent.

What is your monthly income?

Rs. 5000
Rs. 5000 - 8999
Rs. 13000 – 12999
Rs. 13000 or above
We may code the class less than Rs.5000' as , 1', Rs. 5000 - 8999' as `2', `Rs. 9000 -
12999' as `3' and `Rs. 13000 or above' as `4'.
 Tabulation is a process of presenting and
arrangement of data in rows and columns.
 This also helps to perform statistical operation
on the data to draw inferences.
 file:///C:/Users/PALLAVI%20.DESKTOP-
SL01HRV/Downloads/sampling-120714090137-
phpapp01.pdf
 file:///C:/Users/PALLAVI%20.DESKTOP-
SL01HRV/Downloads/br-140221062942-
phpapp02.pdf
 file:///C:/Users/PALLAVI%20.DESKTOP-
SL01HRV/Downloads/presentationsampling-
120603031231-phpapp02.pdf
 https://www.slideshare.net/jenijerry/research-
methodology-processing-of-data
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XFU1d9XI
WM