Respiratory System

Medellada, April Mae P.

Respiratory System

 Respiratory systems allow animals to move oxygen

(needed for cellular respiration) into body tissues
and remove carbon dioxide (waste product of
cellular respiration) from cells.
Mechanism of Respiration

 Two distinct phases in transport of gases:

 One through the tracheal system known

as air-tube transport.
 One through the tissues in the solution in
the cytoplasm, known as tissue diffusion.
INSECT TRACHEAL
SYSTEM
INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM

 This is completely different to humans.

 The insect’s gas exchange system is completely separate
from their blood system.
 Respiratory system of the insects are develop from the
ectoderm.
 All insect are aerobic organisms
 They get oxygen directly from the environment.
Spiracles

 Airs enter into the body of the insects through tiny

holes called spiracles.
 Use to avoid water loss
 A cavity atrium or entrance is present
 Air passage is controlled by valves
 Surrounded by peritreme
SPIRACLE
 Air is taken in through the
spiracles during
inspiration and expelled
through expiration.
 Each spiracle is protected
by hairs and two lip-like
structures that can be
closed to reduce water
loss, allowing insects to
live in dry areas.
 A rise in carbon dioxide
causes the spiracles to
open.
TRACHEA

 Elastic in nature
 Cuticular pipe like structure
 Thick, helical and threadlike layer
taenidia.
 Filled with air shows silvery
appearance.
 Air then passes into tubes called
trachea.
 Each trachea is prevented from
collapse by a spiral of chitin
 TRACHEOLES

 Each trachea ends in microscopic tubes called tracheoles.

 Diameter less than 1µm (0.2-0.3µm)
 Gaseous exchange
 Tracheoles lie within individual cells and sit in a pool of fluid which allows
rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the cells.
 In insects oxygen
is
delivered directly
to the cells (i.e. the
site of respiration).
 Insect blood does
not carry oxygen
Diffusion
Number and arrangement of
Spiracles in Insects
 Holoneustis Respiratory System
 Hemipneustic Respiratory System
 Peripneustic Respiratory System
 Amphipneustic Respiratory System
 Propneustic Respiratory System
 Metapneustic Respiratory Sytem
 Apneustic Respiratory Sytem
Holopneustis Respiratory
System
 8 pairs of spiracle on
first 8abdominal
segments.
 2 pairs found on
metathorax, and pro or
mesothorax.
 Ex: Dipterans (mosquitos
and housefly) and some
hymenopterans
Hemipneustic Respiratory
System
 10 pairs of spiracles
present; one or two
pairs are non-functional.
 Example: common in
insects larva
Peripneustic Respiratory
System
 Spiracles on the
abdomen and prothorax
are open.
 Metathorax are close
 Example: Neuptera,
Lepidoptera,Coleoptera,
Mecoptera, and
Hymenoptera.
Amphipneustic Respiratory
System
 Only two pairs of
spiracles are open on
prothorax
 Example: Dipteran’s
larva
Propneustic Respiratory
System
 One pair of prothoracic
spiracle is functional
 most rare
 Example: found in some
pupae of Diptera family.
Metapneustic Respiratory
System
 Last abdominal spiracles
is functional.
 Example: 1st larval
instars of aquatic
Coleoptera, Family
Culicidae.
Apneustic Respiratory
System
 All spiracles are closed.
 Respiration takes place
through gills and general
body surface.
 Example: Naiad of
Mayfly, nymph of
Ephemeroptera,
Odonata, and many
endoparasites
(Hymenoptera)
 Go chōshu
arigatōgozaimashita