ME142L

HB 024 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2

(LAB)
Osborne
Reynolds WEEK 1
Apparatus 2018-2019/1T

Instruction
Manual
Prepared by:
Engr. Manuel B. Rustria
July 2018
Figure 1-2 Details of HB 024
 This equipment
provides laminar,
transitional, and
turbulent
flow as predicted by
Osborne Reynolds.
 It is to be used with
HB100 Hydraulics
Bench (separately
supplied)
HB 100 Hydraulic Bench
 It consists of a removable clear acrylic cylinder with an
adjustable overflow pipe.
 Water is admitted at the bottom of the tank through a diffuser
and stilling materials, and is discharged via a bell mouth
transparent vertical test pipe with a flow control valve.
 Flow rate is measured by a measuring cup.
 A dye injection system is installed on top of the acrylic cylinder
tank and flow patterns in the pipe can be observed against a
white background plate.
 The apparatus has a hose with a quick male coupling for
connection to the Hydraulics Bench.
1.1 Technical Data
1.1.1 Cylindrical diameter : 200 mm.
1.1.2 Test pipe inside diameter : 14 mm cycle or
13 mm grass o as required.
1.1.3 Length of test pipe : 720 mm.
1.1.4 Dye reservoir : 0.5 l.
1.1.5 Measuring cup : 21
1.2 Optional
1.2.1 HB 024-020 Water heating unit.
 Water viscosity is controlled by its temperature.
 The heating unit consists of:
• Insulated heating tank with 4500 W heater.
• Temperature control unit (45°C maximum).
• Power supply: 220 V. 1Ph., 50 Hz or as required.
2.1 Laminar Flow (Fig. 2-1)
 When the flow is very slow the molecules of the fluid will
move in layers parallel to the pipe wall in the direction of
the flow.
 The molecules at the center of the pipe move faster than
the molecules near the wall.
 This state of flow is called Laminar Flow
Path of particles Velocity profile

Figure 2-1 Laminar flow

2.2 Turbulent Flow (Fig. 2-2)
 When the flow is very fast the molecules have an irregular
motion in a diffused pattern but in general, in the direction
of flow with nearly the same velocity across the diameter
except molecules near the pipe will move only slightly
slower than the molecules near the center of the pipe.
 This state of flow is called turbot flow.
 Flows in most cases of engineering study are turbulent
flow.
Path of particles Velocity profile

Figure 2-2 Turbulent flow

2.3 Reynolds Number
 Type of flow may be indicated by a dimensionless quantity
called Reynolds Number ReD
𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝐷 = =
𝜇 𝜇
 Where: 𝑅𝑒𝐷 = Reynolds number, dimensionless number
𝜌= Density of the fluid, Kg/m3
𝑉= Velocity of fluid, m/s
𝐷= Tube inside diameter, m
𝜇= Dynamic viscosity, N·s/m2
v = Density of the fluid, Kg/m3
 When: 𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≤ 2,000, the flow is laminar
𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≥ 4,000, the flow is turbulent
2,000 ≤ 2,000, the flow is in transition
Figure 3-1 Osborne Reynolds apparatus
3.1 Set the Hydraulics Bench to a level position as per the
Hydraulics Bench instruction manual.
3.2 Place the HB 024 Osborne Reynolds apparatus on a bench
next to the Hydraulics Bench such that discharge of the
apparatus can still be made to the bench measuring tank.
This is to eliminate any disturbance on the stream line due to
bench vibrations. Adjust the screws at the base for a level
condition and connect the water supply hose from the bench
to the equipment.
3.3 Adjust the apparatus over flow tube about 5cm, lower to the
top head tank.
3.4 Connect the Hydraulics Bench water outlet to the test
apparatus.
3.5 Open the Hydraulics Bench flow control valve slightly to allow
only small over flow.
3.6 Mix the dye with water and pour the mixture into the dye
reservoir.
3.7 Put the dye reservoir in place as Fig. 3-1. Adjust the needle to
the center line of the test tube slightly and protrude into the
bell mouth.
3.8 Slightly open the test tube flow control valve for a small flow.
3.9 Slightly open the dye flow control valve. The objective is to
allow the dye velocity at the needle outlet is of the same
velocity as the water entering the test tube so that the dye is
a stream line.
3.10 Water flow rate is measured by a stop watch and a graduated
beaker placing at the apparatus discharge.
3.11 Observe that the dye remain as a stream line in the test tube.
The line may move slightly side to side but remain as a single
line.
3.12 Record the water temperature.
3.13 Record the flow volume and time per 3.10.
3.14 Slight increase the flow rate and adjust the dye flow rate if
necessary, until the stream line begins to diffuse, which
signifies turbulent flow. Record the flow volume and time per
3.10.
3.15 Slowly decrease the opening of the flow control valve until
the flow changes from turbulent to laminar and measure the
flow rate by measuring cup.
3.16 Repeat steps 3.14 and 3.15 many times to obtain clear
transition region.
3.17 For apparatus with optional HB-024-020 water heating unit,
connect the heating unit to the apparatus as per Addendum
3. Then proceed for the test as per 3.12 to 3.16.
 DATA SHEET
HB 024 OSBORNE REYNOLDS APPARATUS

Tested by………………………..Date…………..
ID = 14 mm
Water kinematics viscosity at…….°C = …………………….m2/s
No. Volume of water Time Inlet flow rate Velocity Reynolds number Phenomena
V t Q V ReD
m3 x 10-4 (s) (1/min) m/s
(100 ml)
 DATA SHEET
HB 024 OSBORNE REYNOLDS APPARATUS

Tested by… H. Pairin ..Date…Oct. 10, 06..

ID = 14 mm
Water kinematics viscosity at…30…°C = …0.804 x 10-6….m2/s
No. Vo5lume of water Time Inlet flow rate Velocity Reynolds number Phenomena
V t Q V ReD
m3 x 10-4 (s) (1/min) m/s
(100 ml)
1 4.0 26.65 0.901 0.097 1697 LAMINAR
2 4.5 25.65 1.053 0.114 1984 LAMINAR
3 5.0 23.35 1.285 0.139 2421 LAMINAR
4 5.5 22.35 1.477 0.160 2783 LAMINAR
No. Vo5lume of water Time Inlet flow rate Velocity Reynolds number Phenomena
V t Q V ReD
m3 x 10-4 (s) (1/min) m/s
(100 ml)
5 6.0 22.0 1.636 0.177 3054 LAMINAR
6 6.5 21.10 1.848 0.200 3483 LAMINAR
7 7.0 20.53 2.046 0.221 3855 LAMINAR
8 7.5 20.13 2.235 0.242 4213 TURBULENT
9 8.0 20.09 2.389 0.259 4503 TURBULENT
10 7.5 20.20 2.228 0.241 4198 TURBULENT
11 7.0 20.85 2.014 0.218 3796 TURBULENT
12 6.5 21.20 1.840 0.199 3467 TURBULENT
13 6.0 21.93 16.42 0.178 3094 TURBULENT
14 5.5 22.13 1.491 0.161 2810 TURBULENT
No. Vo5lume of water Time Inlet flow rate Velocity Reynolds number Phenomena
V t Q V ReD
m3 x 10-4 (s) (1/min) m/s
(100 ml)
15 5.0 23.03 1.303 0.141 2466 TURBULENT
16 4.2 24.63 1.096 0.119 2066 TURBULENT
17 4.0 25.62 0.937 0.101 1765 LAMINAR
18 3.5 32.05 0.655 0.071 1235 LAMINAR
 From test no. 1 of sample data
Test no. Volume of water Time
× 10-4 m3(100ml) s
1 4 26.65
 Flow rate of water in the glass tube:
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
4 ×10−4𝑚3
=
26.65 𝑠
−5 𝑚2
= 1.50772 × 10 𝑠
 Velocity of water in the glass tube:
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑄
𝑉 = =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
1.50772 ×10−3𝑚3/𝑠
=
𝜋 0.014𝑚 2/4
𝑚
= 0.098
𝑠
 From table of properties of water:
Water at 30°C give the dynamic viscosity of
μ = 0.0801 × 10-3 N·s/m2 and density 𝜌 = 995.7 kg/m3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌𝑉𝐷 995.7 3 ×0.098 ×0.014𝑚
𝑚 𝑠
∴ 𝑅𝑒𝐷 = = 𝑁∙𝑠
𝜇 0.801 ×10−3 2
𝑚
= 1,705 (< 2,000. the flow is laminar)
 Please note that 𝑅𝑒𝐷 at the point of changing from laminar to
turbulent (increase flow rate) and from turbulent to laminar
(decrease flow rate) may be not the same.
 TABLE C.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IN SI UNITS
Bulk
Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor
Speci3fic modulus of
Density Viscosity Viscosity Tension Pressure
Temp, °C weight 𝜸, elasticity
𝝆, kg/m3 𝝁, N·s/m2 𝒗, m2/s 𝝈, N/m head
N/m3 K, N·m2
10-3𝝁 = 10-6 v = 100 𝝈 = 𝝆/𝜸, m
10-2 K =
0 9805 999.9 1.792 1.792 7.62 0.06 204
5 9806 1000.0 1.519 1.519 7.54 0.09 206
10 9803 999.7 1.308 1.308 7.48 0.12 211
15 9798 999.1 1.140 1.141 7.41 0.17 214
20 9789 998.2 1.005 1.007 7.36 0.25 220
25 9779 997.1 0.894 0.897 7.26 0.33 222
30 9767 995.7 0.801 0.804 7.18 0.44 223
 TABLE C.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IN SI UNITS
Bulk
Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor
Speci370fic modulus of
Density Viscosity Viscosity Tension Pressure
Temp, °C weight 𝜸, elasticity
𝝆, kg/m3 𝝁, N·s/m2 𝒗, m2/s 𝝈, N/m head
N/m3 K, N·m2
10-3𝝁 = 10-6 v = 100 𝝈 = 𝝆/𝜸, m
10-2 K =
35 9752 994.1 0.723 0.727 7.10 0.58 224
40 9737 992.2 0.656 0.661 7.01 0.76 227
45 9720 990.2 0.599 0.605 6.92 0.98 229
50 9697 988.1 0.549 0.556 9.82 1.26 230
55 9679 985.7 0.506 0.513 6.74 1.61 231
60 9658 983.2 0.469 0.477 6.68 2.03 228
65 9635 980.6 0.436 0.444 6.58 2.56 226
 TABLE C.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IN SI UNITS
Bulk
Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor
Speci370fic modulus of
Density Viscosity Viscosity Tension Pressure
Temp, °C weight 𝜸, elasticity
𝝆, kg/m3 𝝁, N·s/m2 𝒗, m2/s 𝝈, N/m head
N/m3 K, N·m2
10-3𝝁 = 10-6 v = 100 𝝈 = 𝝆/𝜸, m
10-2 K =
70 9600 977.8 0.406 0.415 6.50 3.2 225
75 9589 974.9 0.380 0.390 6.40 3.96 223
80 9557 971.8 0.357 0.367 6.30 4.86 221
85 9529 968.6 0.336 0.347 6.20 5.93 217
90 9499 965.3 0.317 0.328 6.12 7.18 216
95 9469 961.9 0.299 0.311 6.02 9.62 211
100 9438 958.4 0.284 0.290 5.94 10.33 207