CHAPTER 4

APPLICATIONS OF FOURIER REPRESENTATIONS TO

MIXED SIGNAL CLASSES

periodic : FS X [k ]
CT :
non - periodic : FT X ( j )
periodic : DTFS X [k ]
DT :
non - periodic :  
DTFT X e j

• What about the Fourier representation of a mixture of

a) periodic and non-periodic signals
b) CT and DT signals?

Examples: x(t )  H  y (t ) such as cos(0t )  h(t )  y(t )

(periodic)
x(t )  sampler  y[n]
• We will go through:
a) FT of periodic signals, which we have used FS:
1 T

FS ; 0
x(t )  X [k ]  x(t )e  jk 0t dt
T 0


2
x(t )   X [k ]e jk0t ,  0 
k   T

We can take FT of x(t).

b) Convolution and multiplication with mixture of periodic and

non-periodic signals.

c) Fourier transform of discrete-time signals.

FT of periodic signals

Chapter 3: for CT periodic signals, FS representations.

What happens if we take FT of periodic signals?
FS representation of periodic signal x(t):

x(t )   X [
k  
k ]e jk 0t
(*)

FT of 1 : 1
FT
2 ( )
Freq. shift : 1  e jk0t 
FT
2 (  k 0 )
Take FT of equation (*) 
 
x(t )   X [k ]e
k  
jk 0t
2
FT
 X [k ] (  k
k  
0 )

Note:
a) FT of a periodic signal is a series of impulses spaced by the
fundamental frequency 0.
b) The k-th impulse has strength 2X[k].
c) FT of x(t)=cos(0t) can be obtained by replacing
e jk 0t with 2 (  k 0 ), or vise versa
FS and FT representation of a periodic continuous-
time signal.
E Example 4.1, p343:
Find Fourier t ransform of x(t )  cos(0t )

1 / 2, k  1
cos( 0t ) 
FS

 0, k  1

Thus, cos( 0t ) 

FT
 (   0 )   (   0 )
 E Example 4.2, p344: 
Determine the FT of the unit impulse train p(t )    (t  nT )
n  

p(t) is periodic with fundamental period T, fundamental

frequency 0. FS coefficients:
1 T /2 1
P[k ]    (t )e  jk 0t
dt  , k
T T / 2 T
2 
P( j )  
T k 
 (  k 0 )
 Relating DTFT to DTFS
N-periodic signal x[n] has DTFS expression

 N 1



x[ n ]  
k 0
X [ k ]e jk 0 n
()

 jk n DTFT

e
0
 2 (  k 0 ),       ,    k 0  

Extending to any interval:


e jk0 n   2
DTFT
  (  k
m  
0  2m)
This, DTFT of x[n] given in (*) is expressed as:

   2  X [k ]   (  k
N 1 N 1 
x[n]   X [k ]e jk 0 n
 X e
DTFT j
0  2m)
k 0 k 0 m  
Since X[k] is N periodic and N0=2, we have

   2  X [k ] (  k
N 1 
x[n]   X [k ]e jk 0 n
 X e
DTFT j
0 )
k 0 k  

Note:
a) DTFS  DTFT: e jk0 n   (  k 0 ) then scale by 2
b) DTFT  DTFS:  (  k 0 )  e jk n then scale by 1/( 2 )
0

Also, replace sum intervals from 0~N-1 for DTFS to - ~  for DTFT

E Problem 4.3(c), p347:


x[n]    [n  10k ].
k  
Find the DTFT of x[n] .

Fundamental period? N  10,  0  /5. Use DTFS :

 1 9 1
X [k ]   x[n]e
 jk 5 n
 , k
10 n 0 10
Use note a) last slide:

   k 5 
1
x[n]   2
DTFT

10 n 
Question: if we take inverse DTFS of X[k], we get
9
x[n]   X [k ]e
jk 5 n

n 0 9
1
 e
jk 5 n

10 n 0
which does

not seem to equal the original expression
x[n]    [n  10k ].
n  

Exercise: use Matlab to verify.

Convolution and multiplication with mixture of periodic
and non-periodic signals
x(t ) h(t ) y (t ) x[n ] h[n ] y[n]

For periodic inputs:

y (t )  
x(t )  h
(t ) y[n]  
x[n]  h
[ n]
periodic non- periodic periodic non- periodic

 
Use FT Use DTFT
1) Convolution of periodic and non-periodic signals
y (t )  x(t )  h(t ) 
FT
Y ( j )  X ( j ) H ( j )


x(t ) 
FT
X ( j )  2  X [k ]   k ,
k  
0

X [k ] : FS coefficien ts
 
y (t )  x(t )  h(t ) 
FT
Y ( j )  2  X [k ]   k H ( j )
k 

0

 2  H ( jk ) X [k ]   k 
0 0
k  

E Problem 4.4(a), p350: LTI system x(t ) h(t ) y (t )

has an impulse response h(t )  2 cos( 4t ) sin( t ) /(t ).

For input signal x(t )  1  cos(t )  sin( 4t ),

use the FT to demermine the system output y (t ).

sin( t ) FT  
sin( t )  j 4t
h(t ) 
t
e 
 e j 4t
h(t ) 
t
 rect 
 2


 1
   4     4 
H ( j )  rect    rect    
 2   2 
X ( j )  2 ( )    (   )   (   )   j  (  4 )   (  4 ) 

Because h(t) is an ideal bandpass filter with a bandwidth 2 centered at

4, the Fourier transform of the output signal is thus

Y ( j )  j  (  4 )   (  4 ) 

which has a time-domain expression given as: y (t )  sin( 4t )

For discrete-time signals:

 

x[n]  h[n]  2
y[n]   DTFT
 H e jk0
X [k ]   k0 
periodic k  
2) Multiplication of periodic and non-periodic signals
y (t )  g (t ) 
x(t ) 
FT
Note : 
periodic
x(t )   X [k ]e   jk 0t FT

Y ( j )  1
2 G ( j )  X ( j ) k   

X ( j )  2  X [k ]   k 
 G ( j )   X [k ]   k 
0
0 k  

k  
Carrying out the convolution yields:

y (t )  g (t ) x(t )  Y ( j ) 
FT
 X [k ]G  k 
k  
0

 
N 1

DT case: y[ n]  x
[ n] z[ n]  
DTFT
 Y ( e j
)   X [ k ]Z e j (   k0 )

k 0
periodic

E Problem 4.7, p357(b):

Consider the LTI system and input signal spectrum X(ej) depicted by
the figure below. Determine an expression for Y(ej), the DTFT of the
output y[n] assuming that z[n]=2cos(n/2).
y[n]  x[n]  x[n]z[n]
z[n] : periodic with 0  2 . FS coefficien ts of z[n] :
1, k  1
Z [k ]  
0, o.w.

Thus,

Y e j
  X e   X e
j j (   2 )
 X e j (   2 )

E Example 4.6, p353: AM Radio

(a) Simplified AM radio transmitter & receiver.

(b) Spectrum of message signal.
Analyze the system in the frequency domain.
Signals in the AM transmitter and receiver.
(a) Transmitted signal r(t) and spectrum R(j).
(b) Spectrum of q(t) in the receiver.
(c) Spectrum of receiver output y(t).

r (t )  m(t ) cos( c t ) 

FT

R( j )  12 M ( j (   c ))  12 M ( j (   c ))

In the receiver, r(t) is multiplied by the

identical cosine used in the transmitter
to obtain:
g (t )  r (t ) cos( c t ) 
FT

G ( j )  12 R( j (   c ))  12 R( j (   c ))

 14 M ( j (  2 c ))  12 M ( j )  14 M ( j (  2 c ))
After low-pass filtering:
Y ( j )  12 M ( j )