Induction Motor Drives

Speed Control
 Induction Motor Drives

Advantages of Induction Motor

Ruggedness
Lower Maintenance
Better Reliability
Lower Cost
Higher Efficiency
Ability to operate in dirty and
explosive environment
 Load

The motor drives a load which has a certain

characteristics torque-speed requirement.

In general,

where, k may be an integer of a fraction.

 Load
• In a feed drive,

• In fans and pumps,

• The motor can be connected to the load through

a set of gears
• The gears have teeth ratio and can be treated as
torque transformers
 Load horsepower and torque
characteristics

• Constant torque, horsepower varies as the speed

• Applications: General machinery hoists,

conveyors, printing press
 Load horsepower and torque
characteristics

• Horsepower varies as square of the speed, torque

varies with speed

• Applications: Pumps, some mixers, some

extruders
 Load horsepower and torque
characteristics

• High inertial loads

• Applications: Are typically associated with

machines using flywheel to supply most of the
operating energy, punch press
 Load horsepower and torque
characteristics
• Shock loads

• Applications: Drives of crushers, separators,

grinders, conveyors, and vehicular systems

• Power converters and motors can be damaged if

they are not protected from the overload
conditions
 Methods of Speed Control of
Induction Motor

• Pole Changing
• Stator Voltage control
• Supply Frequency Control
• Rotor Resistance Control
• Slip Power Recovery
• Eddy-Current Coupling
 Pole Changing
• Sometimes induction machines have a special
stator winding capable of being externally
connected to form two different number of pole
numbers.
• Since the synchronous speed of the induction
machine is given by
4f
 ms 
P
this would correspond to changing the synchronous
speed.
The two coils on A & C may be connected in series in two
different ways — A2 may be connected to C1 or C2.

A1 with the other terminal at C then form the terminals of

the overall combination.
For a given direction of current flow at terminal A1, say into terminal A1, the
flux directions within the poles are shown in the figures.

In case (a), the flux lines are out of the pole A (seen from the rotor) for and
into pole C, thus establishing a two-pole structure.

In case (b) however, the flux lines are out of the poles in A & C. The flux lines
will be then have to complete the circuit by flowing into the pole structures on
the sides. Pole configurations produced by these connections is
a two-pole arrangement in fig. (a) and a four-pole arrangement in fig. (b).
 Variable Terminal Voltage
• The Torque Developed in IM is
Proportional to the Square of the Terminal
Voltage

• The Rotor current is directly Proportional

to the Terminal Voltage

• Thermal Over Loading decreases

 A.C. Voltage Controller

Fixed AC AC Voltage
Voltage Controller
Source Variable AC Voltage
 THREE PHASE
AC VOLTAGE CONTEROLLER CIRCUITS

Speed-Torque
Characteristics for
Stator Voltage
Control Method
THREE PHASE AC VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER CIRCUIT
 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
Four – Quadrant Control
• Forward Motoring and reverse plugging
operations
• Low speed motoring and high speed braking
• Thyristor pairs A,B and C provide operation
in quadrants I and IV
• Thyristor pairs A’ , B and C’ provide
operation in quadrants II and III
• Zero current sensor [ dead time 5 to 10 ms]
WAVE FORM OF PHASE CURRENT FOR α=60
 SINGLE QUADRANT
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
 VARIABLE FREQUENCY
CONTROL
• The synchronous speed is directly
proportional to supply frequency.
• The back emf induced
E= 4.44  f NT kw
Ef

E
  ---------
f

V
  ----------
f
[ if stator drop is neglected]
VARIABLE FREQUENCY
CONTROL
Constant Volts / Frequency Operation

Speed

Td= 3(Vm/ωse)(p/2) {Rr ωr /( Rr+ωrLlr)2 }

 Power Converters (contd’)
2. Inverters – Voltage and current source
converters are fed from a DC link. The DC link is
generated with either a controlled or
uncontrolled rectifier.

Vc: controlled magnitude command

fc: frequency command
 Power Converters (contd’)

3. Cycloconverter
 Controllers

• The controllers implement the control strategy

governing the load and motor characteristics

• To match the load and motor, the input to the

power converter is controlled (manipulated) by
the controller
 Voltage Source Inverter
• Low Internal Impedance
• Any Short Circuit across its terminals
causes current to rise very fast
• The fault current can be cleared by Fast
acting Fuse links
• The Terminal Voltage remains constant
with variations of load
• Inverter Grade SCR
 SIX – STEP INVERTER
MODE OF SEQUENCE OF FIRING
OPERATION
I 1 5 6
II 1 2 6
III 1 2 3
IV 2 3 4
V 5 4 3
VI 5 4 6

• Tripplen harmonics are absent

 Classification of Converter Systems

• PWM-VSI is now most commonly use

 Draw Back of Six Step inverter
• Derating of the motor
• Torque pulsating
• Over heat the machine at low speeds
• Commutation capability of thyristor inverter
reduced
 PWM-VSI System

• Diode rectifier for unidirectional power flow

 PWM-VSI System

• Options for recovered energy during

regenerative braking
 PWM Inverters
• Low harmonic content in the output
voltage
• Lower derating of the motor and higher
efficiency
• No commutation problem
 SPWM
• Pulse width is a sinusoidal function of its
angular position in a cycle
GENERATION OF CONTROL SIGNALS FOR
SPWM

MODULATED WAVEFORM
SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
OPEN-LOOP VARIABLE FREQUENCY
PWM INVERTER DRIVE
CLOSED-LOOP SPEED CONTROL WITH
PWM INVERTOR DRIVE
Advantages

1. The circuit for CSI, using only converter grade thyristor,

which should have reverse blocking capability, and also
able to withstand high voltage spikes during commutation,
is simple.
2. An output short circuit or simultaneous conduction in an
inverter arm is controlled by the ‘controlled current source’
used here, i.e., a current limited voltage source in series
with a large inductance.
3. The converter-inverter combined configuration has
inherent four-quadrant operation capability without any
extra power component.
Disadvantages
1. A minimum load at the output is required, and the
commutation capability is dependant upon load current.
This limits the operating frequency, and also puts a
limitation on its use for UPS systems.
2. At light loads, and high frequency, these inverters have
sluggish performance and stability problems.